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初中英語(yǔ)“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題歸類與指導(dǎo)

    每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學(xué)生在初中階段所學(xué)的詞匯（同義或反義）、短語(yǔ)、句型和語(yǔ)法等方面的知識(shí)及其它的之間的靈活運(yùn)用能力。

Ⅰ.題型介紹

    所謂“句型轉(zhuǎn)換”就是先給一個(gè)完整的句子A，再根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求（有時(shí)沒有明確，須自己觀察），在第二個(gè)句子B的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)脑~來(lái)完成的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

Ⅱ.題型分類

從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：

①     某一詞或詞組的轉(zhuǎn)換；

②     ②詞組與句子的轉(zhuǎn)換；

③     ③同義句型的轉(zhuǎn)換；

④     ④為糾正常犯語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤而設(shè)計(jì)的題目。

從內(nèi)容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：

①     句子功能方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。包括陳述句（肯定與否定）、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句四種題的轉(zhuǎn)換；

②     句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換。即簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換；

③     ③語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換；④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉(zhuǎn)換。

Ⅲ.具體分類如下

一、陳述句與疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉(zhuǎn)換

1、陳述句中肯定句變?yōu)榉穸ň?，大部分是?/span>not來(lái)改變謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：

    Tom does well in maths.---------Tom doesn’t do in maths.

    He has much to do. ---------------He has nothing to do.

    All of my classmates like art.----None of my classmates likes art.

2、改為疑問(wèn)句。根據(jù)上下句的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞的減少，來(lái)判斷變?yōu)槟囊环N形式的疑問(wèn)句。例如：

    My brother often has breakfast at school.-------Does your brother often have breakfast at school?

    Tom’s already weak in English.----------------Tom’s already weak in English, isn’t he ?

    The red light changes every two minutes.-------How often does the red light change?

3、改為感嘆句。根據(jù)所給的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞的詞性，來(lái)確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：

    This is an interesting book.---What an interesting book this is! 或 How interesting this book is!

二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換

    根據(jù)上句，寫出一個(gè)意思相同（或相近）的下句，此類形式繁多，內(nèi)容復(fù)雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：

1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。（通常上下句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致）。

常見的同義詞或詞組有：

(1)四個(gè)“花費(fèi)”（spend—take—cost—take）；

(2)三個(gè)“到達(dá)”（get to—reach—arrive in/at）；

(3)四個(gè)“收到…來(lái)信”（hear from—get a letter from—receive a letter from—have a letter from）；

(4)兩個(gè)“擅長(zhǎng)于…”（be good at —do well in）；

(5)兩個(gè)“有空”（be free—have time）；

(6)三個(gè)“入睡”（go to sleep—get to sleep—fall asleep）；

(7)兩個(gè)“玩得開心”（enjoy oneself—have a good time）；

(8)“給…打電話”（call sb—telephone sb—ring sb. a call—make a telephone to sb.）

(9)“飛往…”（fly to…—go to…by air/plane）

(10)“自學(xué)”（teach oneself—learn…by oneself）

(11)在…方面幫助help…with…—help… (to)do…

(12)在…差be weak in…—do badly in…

(13)能/會(huì)…can—be able to

(14)更喜歡…like…better than…—prefer…to…

(15)充滿了…be full of…—be filled with…

(16)放棄干…give up doing…—stop doing…

(17)不再… no longer—not …any longer

(18)照顧/保管 take care of…—look after

(19)展覽 on show—on display

(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing—keep/prevent…from doing…

(21)由于 thanks to—because of…

(22)舉手hands up—put up one’s hands

(23)最后，終于at last—in the end

(24)與…不同 be different from…—be not the same as…

(25)從…借入… borrow…from…—lend…to…

(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi—take a bus /train/taxi to…

(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike—ride a bike to…

(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…—be the pride of…

(29)步行去… walk to…—go to…on foot

(30)獨(dú)自地by oneself —alone等。

(31)多于，超過(guò)over = more than

例如：

    A：The children had a good time in the park.

B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.

3、反義詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

常見的反義詞或反義詞組有：

（1）catch up with/fall behind

（2）the same as/different from

例如：

Tom borrowed a story book from the boy just now.

   The boy _____a story book _____Tom just now.  （Borrow…from…與lend…. To…之間的轉(zhuǎn)換）

4、運(yùn)用派生詞或多義詞改寫：

如：

The snow was heavy last night.（改寫同義句）=It snowed heavily last night.

The rain was heavy yesterday evening. =It ______ _______ yesterday evening.

5、同義句型之間的轉(zhuǎn)化

常見的同義句型有：

①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems（to be）+adj/n 

②It’s kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do…

③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What’s the meaning of…?

④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with…

⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換

⑥What’s wrong with…?→What’s the matter with…? 

⑦How is…?→What’s…like…?

⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?

⑧It’s time that…→It’s time for sb. to do…

⑨It’s said that…→People say that…

⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?

例如：

   I went to bed after I finished my homework.-----I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.

6、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化

例如：

   If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.-----Unless it rains tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.

   If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.------Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

   Fish can’t live if there is no water.------Fish can’t live without water.

7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的一句多譯。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞不能與時(shí)間段連用，必須改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換有：

buy—have,                  borrow—keep,          die—be dead,           open—be open,

join—be in+組織/be a +成員,   begin—be on,           leave—be away from,    close—be closed,

arrive in/ get to/ come/go to—be in/at,   finish—be over,   go to sleep—be asleep，  get up—be up.

例如：

The old man died five months ago.-----The old man has been dead since five months ago.

-----The old man has been dead for five months.

-----It’s five months since the old man died.

-----Five months has passed since the old man died.

8、簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

①     含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句的轉(zhuǎn)換

例如：

    I saw they were playing football on the playground. ------I saw them playing football on the playground.

    The teacher found that she was very clever.--------The teacher found her very clever.

    He found that it was hard to learn English well.----------He found it hard to learn English well.

    We are sure that we will win to first match.---------We are sure to win to first match.

由疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)

例如：

    A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

    B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?

    A：We don’t know what we should do next.

    B：We don’t know what to do next.

②  由when/after/before/while/since/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…

例如：

    A：They went home after they finished their work.

    B：The went home after finishing their work.

    A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.

    B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.

    When sb. +be+數(shù)詞+years old→at the age of+歲數(shù)

例如

    A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

    B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

③ 由so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為too…to do或…enough to do……

例如：

    A：The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.

    B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.  或：The box isn’t light enough for me to carry.

    A：The child is so old that he can go to school.

    B：The child is old enough to go to school.

④由so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為in order to do

例如：

    A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.

    B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.

⑤ 由because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為because of…

例如：

   We didn’t go to the park because it rained.-------We didn’t go to the park because of the rain.

⑥ 定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)

例如：

    The man who is on the bike is Jim.-------The man on the bike is Jim.

The man who is driving the red car is my boss.-----------The man driving the red car is my boss.

    The girl who is called Mary is my sister.-----------The girl called Mary is my sister.

9、用并列連詞neither…nor；either…or…；both…and…；not only…but also…連句

例如：

    A：I haven’t seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn’t either.

    B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.

    A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.

B：Tom is good at both maths and French.

A:.He hasn’t been to France..  I haven’t been to France, either.(合成一句，意思不變)

B:____ he _____I ______ been to France.  (答案為：Neither, nor, have. )

注意：neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依靠近它的主語(yǔ)而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù)。

10、形容詞、副詞二級(jí)之間的轉(zhuǎn)化

not．．．so/as．．．=  less+原級(jí)+than;

比較級(jí)+than any other+單數(shù)名詞

例如：

    He isn’t as/so tall as I . = He is less tall than I . = He isn’t taller than I .

Chinese is the most important subject of all.---------Chinese is more important than any other subject.

This exercise is easier than the other two.--------------This exercise is the easiest of the three.

John is the tallest student in his class. -------John is ______than ____ _____ _____in his class.

11、it 做形式主語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換