第十一章 狀語從句，賓語從句和定語從句
全國各地的中考英語試題中幾乎都有專門針對復合句的測試，在初中，主要要求同學們掌握狀語從句、賓語從句和定語從句的用法。
一、狀語從句
狀語從句的考點一般集中在：連接詞的選用、時間狀語與謂語動詞的關系、主句和從句動詞的一致以及同近義連接詞的辨析等。主要題型包括單項選擇、完成句子、句型轉換等。
巧記狀語從句用法口訣 狀語從句三要點，時間原因和條件： 從句如果表時間，when, after等放前面。 從句如果表原因，多用because來導引； if引導條件句，though/although讓步前。 目的結果so that, 比較用than記心間。 時間條件狀語從，現(xiàn)在時態(tài)將來表。 |
【說明】
從句的 分類 | 從句的引導詞 |
時間狀語從句 | when, while, as before, after, since whenever, as soon as till/until, not …until |
條件狀語從句 | if, unless |
原因狀語從句 | because |
目的狀語從句 | so that, in order that |
結果狀語從句 | so…that, such…that |
讓步狀語從句 | though/although, even if whatever, |
比較狀語從句 | than, as …as not as/so …as |
地點狀語從句 | where, wherever |
【常考點】
1. 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，當主句是將來時或含有情態(tài)動詞或是祈使句時，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，即“主將從現(xiàn)”。
2. 引導詞的正確選擇以及when, while, as的用法區(qū)別。
3. when, if引導狀語從句和賓語從句時態(tài)的區(qū)別。
4. so …that與such…that的區(qū)別以及與too…to, enough to之間的同義句轉換。
5. than, as …as, not as/so …as的用法。
【典型例題】
1. He doesn’t tell me when he will come. I’ll call you as soon as he comes. 他沒有告訴我什么時候來，他一來我就會給你打電話的。
2. I don’t know if he will come tomorrow. If he comes, I will let you know. 我不知道他明天是否來，如果他來，我會讓你知道的。
3、You won’t pass the exam if you don’t work hard. =You won’t pass the exam unless you work hard. 如果你不努力學習，你將不能通過考試。
4. He got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus. =He got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus. 他今天早上早起是為了趕早班車。
5. The apples are so high that I can’t reach them. =The apples are too high for me to reach. 蘋果太高了以致于我夠不到。
二、賓語從句
賓語從句的考點一般集中在：賓語從句連接詞的確定、賓語從句的語序、與某些動詞相關的句式結構，賓語從句和簡單句的轉換等。主要題型包括單項選擇、句型轉換、完成句子等。
巧記賓語從句的用法口訣 賓語從句要注意，引導詞時態(tài)和語序。 陳述that來引導，一般可以省略去。 一般問句表“是否”，if/whether來引導。 特殊問句作賓語，引導全用疑問詞。 不管何詞作引導，陳述語序要記牢。 主句謂語過去時，主從時態(tài)要一致。 賓從敘述是真理，從句就用現(xiàn)在時。 |
【說明】賓語從句的三要素
1、引導詞
that: 陳述句（可省略）
if/whether: 一般疑問句
疑問詞： 特殊疑問句
2、語序：陳述句語序。
3、時態(tài)：
（1）主句謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或將來時，賓語從句可以根據(jù)實際情況用各種所需要的時態(tài)。
（2）主句謂語動詞是過去時，賓語從句要用相應的過去的某一種時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時）
（3）如果賓語從句敘述的是真理，主句雖然是過去時，但從句仍要用現(xiàn)在時。
【典型例題】
1. He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
→He said (that) the sun rises in the east.
2. “How did Lily go to school?” Could you tell me?
→Could you tell me how Lily went to school?
3. He asked me, “Have you been to Beijing?”
→He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing.
4. I don’t know whether you like the present or not.
5. I don’t know how I should do it.(賓語從句)
=I don’t know how to do it.（簡單句）
I don’t know what I should do.
=I don’t know what to do.
【特殊情況】
由think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞引導的賓語從句，如果從句的謂語動詞是否定的含義，要將否定形式轉換到主句。我們通常稱之為“否定轉移”。
【典型例題】
He isn’t right. I think.
→ I don’t think (that) he is right.
三、定語從句
定語從句的考點是：考查關系詞引導的定語從句，主要包括連接詞的確定、定語從句關系詞的用法區(qū)別以及定語從句與其他句式的轉換等。主要題型包括：單項選擇、完成句子和句型轉換。
1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句
(1) 巧記定語從句中關系代詞的用法
定語從句作定語，定啥放在啥后面。 被定成分先行詞，從句需有系詞連。 指人要用who或whom, “誰的”whose名詞前。 表示某物用which, that人、物可雙兼。 |
【說明】
關系 代詞 | 先行詞 | 關系詞 | 關系詞在句中的功能 |
關系代詞 | 人 | that, who | 主語、表語 賓語（可省略） |
whom | 作賓語，通常跟在介詞后 | ||
物 | that, which | 主語、表語、賓語 | |
人/物 | that | 主語、表語、賓語 | |
關系副詞 | 物 | when | 時間狀語 |
where | 地點狀語 | ||
the reason | why | 原因狀語 |
【注意】
★ 關系代詞which, that, who在定語從句中作主語時，從句中謂語動詞的人稱、數(shù)必須與先行詞保持一致。
【典型例題】
★ These are my books which/that were bought by my teacher. 這些就是我的老師買給我的書。
【解析】 先行詞為books，表示物，故可以用that或which; 而先行詞books為復數(shù)，故動詞用were而不用was.
★ The classroom whose windows were broken is ours. 窗戶被打破的那個教室是我們的。（后有名詞windows）
(2) that和which表示物的用法區(qū)別
口訣： that, which可互換，下列情況勿照辦。 that情況比較多，不妨對你說一說： 不定代詞這一伙，全用that準沒錯； 如有序數(shù)最高級，that更要當模范。 要用which別著急，介詞逗號沒問題。 |
【說明】
只能用 that 的情況 | 先行詞是all, few, little, only, no, any, all，nothing, everything等詞時。 |
有序數(shù)詞和形容詞的最高級時。 | |
先行詞既包括人又包括物時 | |
只能用 which 的情況 | 在介詞后只能用which(物)或whom(人) |
在非限制性定語從句（有逗號）中，先行詞如果是物，只能用which. | |
其它 | 當先行詞指人，在句中作主語時多用who. 當先行詞是who時，用that. 當先行詞是those時，用who. |
【典型例題】
★ All who heard the story were amazed.
聽到這個故事的人都感到吃驚。(all指人)
★ This is the most beautiful picture that you have ever drawn. 這是你所畫的最漂亮的圖畫。（最高級用that）
★ The first thing (that) we should do is to learn all the subjects well. 我們應該做的第一件事是學好所有的學科。（有序數(shù)詞）
2. 關系副詞引導的定語從句
(1) 關系副詞when的基本用法
關系副詞when修飾表示時間的名詞（如day, month, year, last night等），在從句中作時間狀語。意義上相當于一個介詞加which（如on which, in which等）。
如果先行詞是上述表示時間的名詞，可能用which/that, 也可能用when, 關鍵看它在從句中所作的成分，只有作時間狀語時才能用when, 而作主語、賓語、表語時要用which/that. 如：
★ August is a hot month when (=in which) I was born. 我出生的八月是一個很熱的月份。
【解析】先行詞為August, 而wheh在定語從句中作時間狀語。
★ I will never forget the days when (=on which) we got together. 我永遠忘不了我們一起的日子。
【解析】先行詞為days, 表時間，when在定語從句中作時間狀語.
(2) 關系副詞where的基本用法
關系副詞where修飾表示地點的名詞，在句中充當?shù)攸c狀語，意義上也相當于一個介詞加which. 如：
★ I’m going to visit the city where Jim was born. 我打算去參觀吉姆出生的那個城市。
【解析】先行詞為city, 表地點，where在定語從句中作地點狀語。
★ I’m going to visit the city that/which has many places of interest. 我打算去參觀有許多名勝的城市。
【解析】先行詞為city, 在定語從句中缺主語，故用that或which.
(3) 關系副詞why的基本用法
關系副詞why通常用于修飾名詞reason（理由，原因），在句中用作原因狀語，意義上相當于for which. 如：
★ This is the reason why (=for which) I am leaving tomorrow. 這就是我明天離開的原因。
【解析】先行詞是the reason，故用why.
【基礎鞏固 課堂練習】
第二步學習目標：能用所學基本知識解決以下問題。
I．選擇題。
( ) 1. I don’t know ____ the boy is talking about.
A. why B. whether C. what D. that
( ) 2. Can you tell me _____ is going to give us a speech next Saturday?
A. whom B. whose C. who D. what
( ) 3. I want to know ___ he will come tomorrow.
A. what B. where C. whether D. weather
( ) 4. –Excuse me, could you tell me _______?
--Certainly.
A. how can I get to the post office
B. how I can get to the post office
C. how I could get to the post office
D. how could I get to the post office
( ) 5. Did you know _______?
A. what did she say B. what she said
C. what she says D. she said what
( ) 6. Jim asked me ________.
A. this was whose pen B. whose pen was that
C. whose pen is this D. whose pen that was
( ) 7. I wanted to know _______.
A. what time did he get up B. what time he gets up
C. what time he got up D. what time does he get up
( ) 8. –Go and ask Mr. Green for help.
--But I don’t know _____.
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where he lives in D. where he lived
( ) 9. Did you find out _______?
A. she was looking for whose child
B. whose child was she looking for
C. whose child she is looking for
D. whose child she was looking for
( ) 10. I wondered ___________.
A. what is the matter with him
B. what the matter was with him
C. what’s matter with him.
D. what was the matter with him
( ) 11. The teacher told us the leaves ______ from the trees in fall.
A. fall B. fell C. falls D. fells
( ) 12. Could you tell us where ________?
A. is the bank B. the bank is
C. is bank D. bank is
( ) 13. She said she _____ to Beijing the next week.
A. would fly B. will fly C. fly D. flew
( ) 14. My mother asked me ___ when I grew up.
A. what I was B. what I would be
C. what was I D. what was I going to be
( ) 15. Nobody knows _______ in 100 years.
A. what will our life be like B. what our life will like
C. what our life will be like D. what our life is like
( ) 16. Don’t be afraid of asking for information ____ it is needed.
A. when B. after C. although D. unless
( ) 17. My sister didn’t go to bed ____ my mother came back home last night.
A. where B. until C. as soon as D. while
( ) 18. You’ll do much better _____ you’re more careful with your spelling.
A. before B. although C. if D. unless
( ) 19. He didn’t catch the early bus ____ he got up late.
A. or B. if C. because D. before
( ) 20. Do you know _____ Lin Li’s mother will come to see us or not next Saturday?
A. if B. whether C. who D. which
( ) 21. --Kate, how about going camping if it _____ tomorrow?
--That sounds great.
A. didn’t rain B. doesn’t rain
C. won’t rain D. hasn’t rained
( ) 22. –Bill, ____ you have finished your homework, let’s fly kites together now.
--All right.
A. although B. after C. before D. since
( ) 23. Could you tell us which floor ______?
A. does he live in B. he lives in
C. does he live D. he lives
( ) 24. I’m satisfied with _____ you said.
A. whatever B. when C. whichever D. which
( ) 25. A robot is a machine _____ can do some difficult work instead of man.
A. who B. that C. what D. /
( ) 26. The boy _____ won the first prize is called Roy.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
( ) 27. I hate people ____ talk much but do little.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. who’s
( ) 28. Jim likes music ____ is quiet and gentle.
A. that B. which C. who D. A and B
( ) 29. I have read all the books ___ you gave me.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
( ) 30. He is the very person ___ I want to talk to.
A. which B. that C. whose D. which
( ) 31. They talked of things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whose
( ) 32. This is the most beautiful skirt ____ I saw.
A. that B. which C. who D. whose
( ) 33. I know the reason _____ he came late.
A. when B. where C. why D. what
( ) 34. This is the school __ I taught for ten years.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
( ) 35. I’ll never forget the days ____ we spent together in Xingyi.
A. that B. what C. when D. where
( ) 36. This is the house __ Mr. Green once lived.
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
( ) 37. Football, ____ is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
A. which B. that C. is D. what
( ) 38. I’ll never forget the morning _____ we left for Beijing.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
( ) 39. This is one of the best films _____ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
( ) 40. He lives in the room ____ window faces south.
A. which B. that C. whose D. whom
( ) 41. --Have you found the information about the famous people ______ you can use for the report?
--Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet.（2010蘭州）
A. who B. what C. whom D. which
( ) 42. I still remember the park _____ we first met. (2010廣州市)
A. that B. which C. where D. when
( ) 43. I still remember the park _____ has many animals.
A. that B. when C. who D. where
( ) 44. ---I’m not sure _____ there are living things on other planets or not.
--Even scientists aren’t sure about it. (2010福州)
A. whether B. where C. why D. if
( ) 45. I hear Tom lives here, but I’m not sure ____.(2010陜西省)
A. which room he lives in
B. which room does he live in
C. he lives in which room
D. in which room does he lives
( ) 46. If you don’t go to the park tomorrow, ____.
A. he will, too B. he won’t, either
C. he does, too D. he doesn’t, either
( ) 47. I don’t know if it ________ tomorrow. If it _____, I won’t go shopping.
A. will rain, rains B. will rain, will rain
C. rains, will rain D. rains, rains
( ) 48. I don’t know when he _____ tomorrow, when he _____, I’ll call you immediately.
A. will come, comes B. comes, will come
C. will come, will come D. comes, comes.
( ) 49. She asked me ___ I would do it or not.
A. if B. whether C. as D. until
( ) 50. John plays basketball ______, if not better, than Jim.
A. as well B. so well as
C. so well D. as well as
II．合并句子。
51. The room is very small. He lives in the room.
____________________________________.
52. That man is my English teacher. He is standing under the tree.
_____________________________________.
53. What time will the visitors arrive here? She knew.
_____________________________________.
54. Can we find out some information about the island on the Internet? Let’s see.
____________________________________.
55. “Does the earth go around the sun?” Mr. Green asked us.
_____________________________________.
III. 同義句轉換。
56. Tom is careful enough to do it well.
Tom is _____ careful _____ he can do it well.
57. Lucy speaks Chinese worse than Lily.
Lucy doesn’t speak Chinese ___ ___ ___ Lily.
58. He came back. I told him the news.
I told him the news __ ___ ___ he came back.
59. He got up early this morning to catch the early train.
He got up early this morning ____ ____ he _____ catch the early train.
60.Tom went to bed. He finished his work.
Tom ___ ___ to bed ___ he finished his work.
IV. 選詞填空
which, what, when, where, why, after, since, because, if, although |
61. Betty didn’t go to see the film yesterday _____ she was ill.
62. Jim spends much money on books ____ he is not rich.
63. Mr. Zhang has worked in our school ____ he came here in 2006.
64. We’ll have a picnic ____ it doesn’t rain this Saturday.
65. ____ I passed the street corner, I saw the accident clearly.
66. ______ they had a short rest, they went on working.
67. She didn’t know _____ ball she should choose, the red one or the blue one.
68. I don’t know ____ she said at the meeting.
69. Can you tell me ____ they have gone?
70. Do you know ____ the little girl is crying?
V. 選出與句中劃線部分相同的選項。
( )71.–Is this Mr. Chen’s car?
--I don’t think so. He can’t afford to pay for this kind of car.
A. is too poor to B. is able to
C. is rich enough to D. doesn’t want to
( ) 72. -–English is the most widely used language in the world.
--Yeah. Nowadays, the study of English is considered as a very important industry in China as well as in the rest of the world.
A. is looked as B. is regarded as
C. takes as D. treats as
( ) 73. The boy was too young to work on the farm.
A. so; that he couldn’t B. so; that he could
C. enough; that he could D. so; enough to
( ) 74. Once I got into trouble, I would turn to my parents.
A. ask my parents to help me.
B. come to see my parents
C. ask my parents D. write to my parents
( ) 75. I’m sorry to say I can’t answer your question.
A. I think B. I’m sure C. I hope D. I’m afraid
( ) 76. --Would you like some more fish?
--No, thank you. I’ve had enough.
A. I’m full B. I’m hungry
C. I can eat some D. Give me some
( ) 77. Li Lei didn’t go with us because he was ill.
A. so he was ill B. because of his illness
C. because he is ill D. so that he is ill
( ) 78. Nothing can live without air or water.
A. whether there is air or water or not
B. if there is no air or water
C. if there is air or water D. with air and water
( ) 79. It was late, but Miss Lin didn’t stop working.
A. didn’t work any more B. went to work
C. went on working D. stopped to work
( ) 80. Most children begin school when they are seven.
A. in the age of seven B. at the age seven
C. at the age seven D. out of the age seven
VI. 指出下列句子的基本類型及句子成分。
81. My mother is thirty-five now.
82. They arrived at six o’clock.
83. I have bought three books.
84. The boss makes the workers work 12 hours a day.
85. We must keep the classroom clean.
86. He told us an interesting story just now.
87. Will you please pass me the book on the desk?
VII. 根據(jù)所給漢語完成句子翻譯。
88. 這些照片是去年在北京拍的。
These photos ____ _____ in Beijing last year.
89. 我爸爸給我買了一輛新自行車。
My father ____________________________.
90. 張老師告訴我們考試時別粗心。
Mr. Zhang __________________ in the exam.
91. 據(jù)說這是大本鐘第四次停止運轉了。
______________ this is the fourth time the Big Ben has stopping working.
92. 六點鐘了該吃晚飯了。
It’s six o’clock. ____________ supper.
93. 你幫助我真是太好了。
It’s very nice _______________________.
94. 對我來說，學好英語真是太難了。
It’s very difficult _____________________.
95. 他在照顧他妹妹。
He is __________________ his sister.
【質量標準控制 考試滿分過關】
以上95小題中，做錯的題目有：
____________________________________；
解決日期是：________________________；
解決途徑：__________________________；
感謝恩人：__________________________.
【全面冥想 縱橫聯(lián)系 睡前練習 終生記憶】
第三步學習目標：重點知識再現(xiàn)，加深印象
1. 閉上眼睛，花5分鐘回憶句子的七種成分，它們分別由什么詞充當，通常在句子的什么位置。
2．花3分鐘回憶簡單句的五種基本句型。
3. 閉上眼睛，花3分鐘回憶狀語從句主要有哪些，它們的引導詞是什么。
4．花2分鐘回憶賓語從句的三要素及其用法。
5．在定語從句中，當先行詞是人、物時的引導詞分別是什么？當先行詞表示物時，哪些情況下只能用that,不能用which?
6. 回顧上述題目中的錯題，想一想錯在哪里？
【鏈接中考 輕松備考】
第四步學習目標：能用所學知識解決2011年中考題。
( ) 1. We’ll plant trees tomorrow, and I don’t know_____ Tom will come and join us. 【2011天津】
A. if B. which C. what D. where
( ) 2. — Do you know ____ tomorrow?
— At 8 o'clock. 【2011北京】
A. when did she come B. when she came
C. when will she come D. when she will come
( ) 3. — Linda, could you tell me ______?
— He is an actor. 【2011浙江舟山】
A. what he does B. what does he do
C. where he works D. where does he work
( ) 4.—I can’t find Mary. Where’s she?
—Sorry, I don’t know ____.【2011揚州】
A. where has she been B. where she has been
C. where has she gone D. where she has gone
( ) 5.--Can you tell me___?
—I lost my MP3 player. 【2011銅仁】
A. What’s the matter with you
B. what the matter is with you
C. what the matter you is
D. what the matter with you are.
( ) 6. I will send you an e-mail as soon as I____ in Canada. 【2011北京】
A. arrive B. arrived
C. am arriving D. will arrive
( ) 7. If there no buying and selling of animals, there no killing in nature. 【2011陜西】
A. is; will be B. will be; will be
C. is; is D. will be; is
( ) 8. They develop their skills _____ they can do things better and better. 【2011山東德州】
A. however B. because C. since D. so that
( ) 9. －What time will Diana get to Chengdu?
－I’m not sure. When he ______, I’ll call you. 【2011四川廣安】
A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrives
( ) 10. John is the boy_____ legs were badly hurt in the accident. 【2011天津】
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
( ) 11. The first thing _____ my brother is going to do this afternoon is to write a letter. 【2011廣東】
A. which B. that C. why D. who
( ) 12. —Do you know the girl _____is talking to our English teacher?
—Yes. She's my sister. 【2011寧夏】
A. who B. whom C. which D. Whose
( ) 13 I’ll never forget the day_____ the great scientist came to our school and gave us a speech. 【2011山東菏澤】
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( ) 14. --They said sorry to me, but I wouldn’t listen.
--It is foolish of you _____ others for their mistakes. 【2011蘇州】
A. forgive B. not forgive
C. to forgive D. not to forgive
( ) 15. It’s very nice ______ you _____ my parents your best wishes. 【2011無錫】
A. of; sending B. of; to send
C. for; to send D. for; sending
( ) 16 . --- We can go to Jinan Railway Station by bus.
--Why not ___ there for a change? 【2011新疆阜康】
A. try walking B. trying to walk
C. to try and walk D. to try walking
( ) 17.-- It’s a fine day today. How about _____?
--Sounds great! 【2011銅仁】
A. go hiking B. go to hike
C. going hiking D. to go to hike
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