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定語從句分為兩大類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，區(qū)分它們有兩個標準：1）從內(nèi)容上看，限制性定語從句與它所修飾的先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可去掉，去掉后意思就不完整了；非限制性定語從句只對先行詞起補充說明的作用，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。2）從形式上看，限制性定語從句與先行詞之間沒有逗號隔開，而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。請看例句：

The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary.(限制性)

The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.(非限制性)

解析：第一句中的who is wearing a blue necklace是限制性定語從句，沒有逗號，不那去掉，否則意思不完整。 

定前必有先行詞，名代兩類最適宜；

例句：

1)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.

有人要和你講話。

2)Those who were for the plan raised their hands.

那些贊成計劃的舉起了手。

3)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。

解析：例句中somebody、those是代詞，novel是名詞，是被定語從句修飾的詞，叫做先行詞，可以做先行詞的是名詞和代詞兩類。

定從先行很緊密，代副兩詞拉關(guān)系；

定語從句都在先行詞之后，連接定從和先行詞的詞，叫做關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞要注意兩點：1）它的人稱、數(shù)和意思完全等同于先行詞，2）關(guān)系詞在定語從句中做一定的句子成分。

例句 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

       正在踢足球的男生們是一班的。

解析：who＝boys , 在定語從句中做主語，所以其后謂語用are。

例句 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

       足球是大多數(shù)男孩子喜歡的運動。

解析：which=game, 在定語從句中做主語。

例句  3）I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

        我仍然還記得第一次到學校的那一天。

解析：when是關(guān)系副詞＝on the day, 在定語從句中做時間狀語。

例句 4）The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

      十年前我居住的房子已經(jīng)被拆了。

解析：where是關(guān)系副詞＝in the house, 在定語從句中做地點狀語。

例句 5）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

     請告訴我你沒趕上飛機的原因。

解析：why是關(guān)系副詞＝for the reason, 在定語從句中做原因狀語。

2. 關(guān)系代詞有六個，聽我逐一來說破；

六個關(guān)系代詞是：that/which/ who/ whom/ whose/ as ， 注意關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主賓表定語。

which表物人用who,人物都有that顧；

先行詞是物，關(guān)系代詞用which，也可以用that;先行詞是人，關(guān)系代詞用who,也可以用that;先行詞中既有人，又有物，關(guān)系代詞只能用that。

例句 1) This is the mountain village (which/ that ) I visited last year.　

       這就是我去年參觀的那個山村。

解析：先行詞mountain village是物，可用which或that, 因為定語從句中visit后缺賓語，說明which或that應該在定從中做賓語，所以還可以省略。

例句 2）The man(that/whom / who ) you met just now is my friend.

     你剛剛見到的那個人是我的朋友。

解析：先行詞man表人，關(guān)系詞可以用who/that/whom，因為定語從句中缺賓語，關(guān)系代詞應該在定語從句中做賓語，所以可以省略；另外，whom是專門用來做賓語用的，而who則只是在口語中才用。

例句 3）This magazine belongs to the teacher who(that) teaches us history.

       這本雜志是我們歷史老師的。

解析：先行詞teacher是人，關(guān)系代詞用who或that, 因為在定語從句中做主語，所以不能省略。

例句 4）He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited.

       他談到了他所見到的老師和學校。

解析：先行詞 the teachers and schools 中既有人又有物，關(guān)系代詞只能用 that, 又因為that在定語從句中做賓語，所以又可以省略。

which用在逗號后，意表前句你要know;

這是which用在非限制性定語從句中的一個用法。

例句1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。

解析：which是關(guān)系代詞，指代前面的一句話：他似乎沒抓住我的意思。

例句2）Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。

解析：which是關(guān)系代詞，指代前面的一句話：液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?/font>

who做主語很稱職，whom用到賓語里；

先行詞是表示人的詞，定語從句中如果缺主語，要用who做關(guān)系代詞，如果缺賓語，正規(guī)場合下用whom, 口語中也可以用who。

例句 1）He is the boy who often goes to school late.

       他就是那個經(jīng)常上學遲到的男生。

解析：先行詞the boy 指人，后面的定語從句中缺少主語，因此用關(guān)系代詞who。

例句 2）She is the old woman whom I saw this morning.

       她就是我今天早晨看到的那位老太太。

解析：先行詞the old woman指人，后面的定語從句中缺少賓語，所以用whom,口語中也可以用who。 

3.that用法真有趣， 兩個地方它不去；

逗號后邊它不去， 介詞之后不考慮；

That做為關(guān)系代詞，不可用在非限制性定語從句中，即不可用在逗號后邊；定語從句中介詞之后也不可使用。在逗號或介詞后，指物時用which,指人時用who或whom。

例句1）They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy. 

A. whom B. who C. which D. that

解析：在介詞of之后指物，選擇C which。

例句 2）The engineer with _____my father works is about 50 years old.

A. whose  B.  who  C.   which D.   whom

解析：選擇 D whom。介詞后指人。

例句 3）The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.

A. which B. that C. whom D. who

解析：選擇 D who。逗號后指人，在定語從句中做主語。

4.That which代表物，區(qū)別聽我來敘述；

先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹；

當先行詞為anything，everything，nothing，all，any，much，many，one等不定代詞時，只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。

例：Is there anything that I can do for you?  我能給你做點什么嗎？

先行詞前有兩數(shù)， 就用that定無誤；

當先行詞是基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞修飾時，只能使用“that”，不用 “which”。

例句： That is the second time that I have been to Japan. 那是我去日本的第二次。

     The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.

     坐落在泰晤士河岸邊的那兩座大樓上星期倒塌了。

先行詞前最高級， 還用that必無疑；

當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時，只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。

例句：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

這是我度過的最美好的時光。

句中若有there be, that應把which替；

例：There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters. 說動物擁有神秘的第六感，可以預知自然災害，這是沒有根據(jù)的。

先行主中做表語， 避免重復從句里；

例句：1）This is not the hospital that it used to be.

這已經(jīng)不再是以前那座醫(yī)院了。

2）Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.

湯姆森先生已經(jīng)不再是以前的他了。

解析：定語從句的先行詞均在主句中做表語。

例句：Which is the course that we are to take ?

     我們要學哪門課？

解析：句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重復用that。

（Just the only very same last, 其后也要用that;）

先行詞前有Just 、the only、 very 、same 、last等詞，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。

例句：1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears.

         北極是唯一能見到北極熊的地方。

      2）This is the same bike that he lost.

         這就是他丟了的那輛自行車。

      注意區(qū)分：

      3) This is the same bike as he lost.

         這輛自行車和他丟的那輛一樣。（但不是）

5.指人可用that who, 以下情況多用who;

Those people做先行，There be的結(jié)構(gòu)中；

例句：

1) Those who are for the plan, please raise your hands.

  贊成計劃的人請舉手。

2) People who create computer viruses are called hackers.

  制造電腦病毒的人被稱為黑客。

3) There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night.

  曾經(jīng)有一個小男孩每天晚上都來網(wǎng)吧玩游戲。

先行指人不定代，從中做主who要在；

先行詞是指人的不定代詞，如 one 、someone 、anyone 、nobody 等詞，或指人的關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主語，要用who, 而不用that。

例句：

1）Nobody who knows a little scientific knowledge will believe you.

懂得一點科學知識的人都不會相信你的話。

解析：nobody是指人的不定代詞，用who, 不用that。

2）The thief who pretended to be a manager was caught stealing a car.

  那個裝扮成經(jīng)理的賊在偷車時被當場抓獲。

解析：who指人，在定語從句中做主語。

兩個定從一起來，不要重復你有才；

一個先行詞有兩個定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞要避免重復使用。

A plant that can cure diseases, which was known by the ancient Chinese , is called Chinese herbal medicine. 一種能夠治病的，被古代中國人所熟知的植物，叫做中藥。

6.定從之中少定語，whose為你唱一曲；

Whose指人又指物，所屬關(guān)系要記住。

Whose也是一個關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中做定語，表示人與人、人與物或物與物之間的所屬關(guān)系，特別要注意，物與物之間的關(guān)系也用whose。

例句 1)Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the country?

解析：anyone是先行詞，whose=anyone’s，在定語從句中做定語。

例句 2) Pass me the book whose cover is red. 

解析：the book是先行詞，whose=the book’s, 在定語從句中做定語。

7.As/which在句末，若有否定as錯；

as和 which都可指代前面一句話，請看例句:

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.

愛麗絲受到了她老板的邀請，這使她感到吃驚。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

天氣結(jié)果變好了，這是我們沒有預料到的。

若有否定as錯；

3）The result of the experiment was very good, _______ we hadn't expected.

　　A. when B. that C. which D. what

【簡析】答案是C。由于非限定性定語從句是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，只能用which引導，不能用as來替代which。

句首只能用as,還有認知猜想詞；

置于句首時，非限定性定語從句只能用as引導。例如：

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.  

眾所周知，月亮每月繞地球一周。

與表示認知猜想的詞，如know, expect, see, report, 連用時，要用as。

1）As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

我們知道，吸煙對健康有害。

2）As is expected, his daughter entered a key university.

正如人們所期望的那樣，他的女兒考入了一所重點大學。

固定結(jié)構(gòu)用as, the same /such/so/as; 　

1）  在the same …as….結(jié)構(gòu)中。意思是 “像……一樣的”。 例如：

Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.

　 重慶和我們在其它地方看過的城市不一樣。

  注意區(qū)分: the same ….that….,請看例句：

  This is the same pen that I lost. 這正是我所丟的鋼筆。（同一）

  This is the same pen as I lost.  這支鋼筆和我丟的那支一樣。（相似，不是一個）

2）在as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中，意思是“像……那樣的”。例如：

　 No period in history has had as many important changes _______ have taken place in the past century. 沒有哪個歷史階段像過去的一個世紀這樣有如此多的重大變化。

3）在such…as…結(jié)構(gòu)中, 意思是“像……那樣的”。例如：

   Mathilde had to work hard day and night and bought such a diamond necklace as she had lost to pay back to Jeanne.

   馬帝爾德不得不日日夜夜地干活，來買一個像被她丟掉的那樣的鉆石項鏈還給讓。

So /such …that賓不離，so/such…as賓要棄；

在so/such…that結(jié)構(gòu)中，that后引導的不是定語從句，而是狀語從句，從句中必須有賓語；在so/such…as結(jié)構(gòu)中， as后引導的是定語從句，從句中不帶賓語。

例如：

1)He studies in such a good school that all other students in his village admire him.

  他在那樣好的一所學校學習，以至于村子里其他的學生都很羨慕他。

解析：that后是狀語從句，狀語從句中有賓語him。

2）He studies in such a good school as all other students in his village admire.

  他在那樣好的一所學校學習，村里的其它學生都很羨慕那所學校。

解析：as后是定語從句,as代替先行詞school,在定語從句中做admire的賓語。

8.關(guān)系代詞到這里，主賓表定作用起；

關(guān)系代詞做賓語，省與不省全靠你；

到此為止，我們一共學了六個關(guān)系代詞，分別是：which, that, who, whom, whose, as ,這些關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可以做主語、賓語、表語和定語，關(guān)系代詞which/ that/ whom做賓語時，可以省略。

9.關(guān)系副詞when/where/why, 從中做狀莫懈怠；

時間用when原因why,地點where經(jīng)常在；

定語從句中的關(guān)系副詞有三個：when, where和why，它們在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語。when指時間， where指地點，why表原因。例如：

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

我仍然記得我初次到北京的那天。

The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

他父親工作的那個工廠在城市的西郊。

That is the reason why I did the job.

那就是我為什么干這個活的原因。

關(guān)系副詞可替換，介詞加上關(guān)系代；

關(guān)系副詞可以由介詞加上which來替換。例如：

1)This is the house where  (in which) I lived two years ago.

 在這句中，where= in which

2) Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?

 在這句中，when= on which

3) This is the reason why (for which)  he came late.

 在這句中，reason= for which

關(guān)系代，關(guān)系代，that與who要除外；

挑選介詞要聰明，必看動詞和先行；

介詞后可用關(guān)系代詞，但只能用which或whom，不能用that 和who。那么，這個介詞怎么選呢？其一，可以看定語從句中的謂語動詞；其二，可以看先行詞。例如：

1) The pain from which the poor suffered in this area has attracted the attention of the public.

 本句中用from 加 which, from與定語從句中的謂語動詞搭配，suffer from。

2) English is a useful tool in which I can communicate with foreign friends.

本句中用in加which, 和先行詞搭配，先行詞表語言，因此用in。

聰明反被聰明誤，只因亂用關(guān)系副；

關(guān)系副，關(guān)系副，定缺主賓它不??；

它不住，它不住，關(guān)系代詞來玩酷；

關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中是做狀語的，where做地點狀語，when做時間狀語，why做原因狀語，但要特別注意，如果定語從句中所缺的不是狀語，而是主語、賓語或表語，就不要用關(guān)系副詞，而要用關(guān)系代詞。例如：

1) I still remember the days _____ we spent together in the mountains last summer.

  先看定語從句中所缺少的句子成分，spent是及物動詞，缺賓語，因此不能填when, 而要用關(guān)系代詞which或that。

2）This is the house ______ his grandfather once lived in.

   先看定語從句中所缺少的句子成分，lived in, 明顯缺賓語，in是介詞，介詞后應該有賓語，所以不能填where, 而要用which或that。

3）Is that the reason _______ you explained to the teacher for your being late for school?

   先看定語從句中所缺少的句子成分，explain后應該跟雙賓語，缺少一個賓語，因此不能用why, 而要用which或that。

10.只記上邊不可以，特殊情況告訴你；

先行用way 做狀語, in which/ that /略可以，

先行詞是way, 表示方式，在定語從句中做方式狀語，其后的關(guān)系詞可以有三種處理方式，即：in which/ that 或省略。

例句：

I like the way he smiles.

I like the way that he smiles.

I like the way in which he smiles.

one of +復做先行，從中謂語復數(shù)明，

one前若有only/ very, 從中謂語定用單；

例句：

Ling Qing is one of the volunteers who are ready to go to the countryside.

Ling Qing is the only one of the volunteers who is ready to go to the countryside.

定從名從可轉(zhuǎn)換，all that被 what換；

名詞性從句中的what/whatever/whoever等詞，在句中做主語、賓語或表語時，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。例句：

1) I don’t believe whatever he says.= I don't believe anything (that) he says.

2) Whoever breaks the law will be punished.= Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

3) The driver didn’t hear what the policeman said. = The driver didn’t hear the words that the policeman said.

4) The students can do all (that) they can to help the old teacher. =  The students can do what they can to help the old teacher. 

定語從句練習題：

1. There is somebody here ______ wants to speak to you.

  A. that  B. who  C. which  D. when

2. Charles Smith, ______ was my former teacher, retired last year.

  A. who  B. that  C. which  D. whom

3. This novel, ______I have read three times, is very touching.

  A. that  B. /  C. which  D. what

4. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, _____ greatly upsets me.

  A.what  B. who  C. whom  D. which

5. Do you like the book ______ color is yellow?

  A. which  B. which’s  C. whose  D. whom

6. The school in ______ he once studied is very famous.

  A. where  B. which  C. that  D. who

7. We’ll go to hear the famous singer _______ we have often talked about.

  A. for whom  B. on who  C. /  D. which

8. He loved his parents deeply, both of ______ are very kind to him.

  A. them  B. that   C. who  D. whom

9. There are forty students in our class in all, and most of ______ are from big cities.

  A. whom  B. which  C. whom  D.them

10. The reason ______ which he refused the invitation is not clear.

  A. why  B. for   C. on   D. that

11. This is the mountain village _______ I visited last year.

  A. /  B. where  C. at which  D. in which

12. I'll never forget the days _______I spent in the countryside.　

  A. which  B. when  C. with whom  D. on which

13. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?　

　　A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one

14. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?

A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one

15. _______ spits in public will be punished here.

   A. Whoever  B. Who  C. Whom  D. Whose

16. _______ we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　

  A. Which  B. Who  C. Like  D. As

17. The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

　　A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it　

18. I have got into the same trouble________he (has).

   A. that  B. as  C. like   D. which 

19. Finally, the thief handed everything _______ he had stolen to the police.

   A. that  B. what  C. which  D. who 

20. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing _______ he owned.

   A. as   B. that  C. which  D. where

21. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _______ we have learned?

  A. that  B. who  C. which  D. as

22. Do you remember the day ______ you joined our club？

  A. in which  B. that  C. which  D. when

【賓語從句】巧記賓語從句

        [賓語從句歌訣]

　　賓語從句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展風采。

　　展風采有三關(guān)，引導詞、語序、時態(tài)在把關(guān)。

　　主從時態(tài)要一致，陳述語序永不變。

　　陳述請你選that，疑問需用if/whether連。

　　特殊問句作賓從，原來問詞不用換。

　　三關(guān)過后莫得意，人稱、標點需注意。

　　留意變臉的if/when，從句的簡化記心間。

　　[歌訣解碼]

　　一、三姊妹

　　賓語從句根據(jù)引導詞的不同可分為三種類型：

　　1. 由that引導的賓語從句。如：

　　We knew （that）we should learn from each other.

　　2. 由if/whether引導的賓語從句。如：

　　Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.

　　3. 由who，where，how等連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句。如：

　　Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？

　　二、三關(guān)

　　1. 引導詞關(guān)

　　如果從句是陳述句，引導詞用that（that在口語或非正式文體中常省略）；如果從句是一般疑問句，引導詞用if/whether；如果從句是特殊疑問句，引導詞用由疑問詞轉(zhuǎn)換而來的疑問代詞/副詞。

　　2. 語序關(guān)

　　①陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序不變，即仍用陳述語序。如：

　　He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.

　?、谝话阋蓡柧浜吞厥庖蓡柧渥?yōu)橘e語從句，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。如：

　　Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether he works hard.

　　When did he leave？I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.

　　3. 時態(tài)關(guān)

　?、偃绻骶涫乾F(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定。如：

　　I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

　?、谌绻骶涫沁^去的某種時態(tài)，那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用過去的某種時態(tài)。如：

　　He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.

　　注意：如果賓語從句表述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象等時，不管主句是什么時態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

　　He said that light travels much faster than sound.

　　三、人稱的變化和標點的使用

　　1. 從句的主語如果是第一人稱，變?yōu)橘e語從句則與主句的主語一致；如果是第二人稱，則與主句的賓語一致；如果是第三人稱，不用變化。如：

　　“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

　　“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.

　　2. 賓語從句的標點均由主句決定。主句是陳述句，用句號；主句是疑問句，用問號。如：

　　Who will give us a talk？I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

　　Do you know？Where does he live？→Do you know where he lives？

　　四、兩副面孔

　　if和when既能引導時間狀語從句，又能引導賓語從句。因此，遇到它們就要認真分析一下，它們究竟屬于“兩副面孔”的哪一副。如：

　　If it rains tomorrow，I won’t come.（時間狀語從句）

　　I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （賓語從句）

　　五、從句的簡化

　　1. 當主句謂語動詞是find，see，watch，hear等感官動詞時，從句常簡化為“賓語＋賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)，賓補為不帶to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：

　　She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.

　　2. 當主句謂語動詞是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主語與從句主語相同時，從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

　　3. 在連接代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句中，當從句主語與主句主語或間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“連接代詞/副詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

　　Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？