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重癥患者的早期活動(dòng)與康復(fù)

摘要

神經(jīng)肌肉疾病越來越多地被認(rèn)為是危重癥幸存者短期和長期身體活動(dòng)功能障礙的原因。這種認(rèn)識促使研究更多地了解與神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙和與危重疾病相關(guān)的身體損傷相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和機(jī)制,以及預(yù)防或治療這些問題的可能干預(yù)措施。在潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素中,臥床休息是一個(gè)重要的可修改風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。危重癥患者的早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)可能有助于預(yù)防或減輕臥床休息的后遺癥并改善患者的結(jié)果。研究和質(zhì)量改進(jìn)項(xiàng)目表明,早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)對于嚴(yán)重疾病的患者是安全和可行的,具有潛在的益處,包括改善身體功能和減少機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)和住院時(shí)間。盡管有這些發(fā)現(xiàn),早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)在常規(guī)臨床實(shí)踐中仍然不常見,并且存在許多認(rèn)識上障礙。本綜述總結(jié)了與危重癥相關(guān)的神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙和身體損害的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,強(qiáng)調(diào)了早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)在改善患者結(jié)局中的潛在作用,并討論了早期活動(dòng)的一些常見障礙以及克服它們的策略。

關(guān)鍵詞:早期活動(dòng);ICU;物理治療;康復(fù)

由于越來越多地認(rèn)識到神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙和與危重癥相關(guān)的身體損害的后遺癥,嚴(yán)重疾病患者的早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)受到越來越多的關(guān)注。本主題將討論以下問題:(1)ICU中的獲得性神經(jīng)肌肉疾??;(2)神經(jīng)肌肉疾病和功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素;(3)神經(jīng)肌肉疾病的后遺癥;(4)早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的安全性;(5)早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的益處;(6)早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的常見障礙;(7)未來方向。

ICU中的獲得性神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙

最早發(fā)表的關(guān)于ICU神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙的報(bào)告之一是一系列五名患者的病例,他們的四肢松弛,反射喪失和機(jī)械通氣延遲,消瘦[1]。電生理測試顯示原發(fā)性軸索多發(fā)性神經(jīng)病變,保留中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致術(shù)語危重癥多發(fā)性神經(jīng)?。–IP)出現(xiàn)[2]。 CIP的特征是感覺神經(jīng)作用電位和復(fù)合肌肉作用電位降低,神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度正?;蜉p度降低[3,4]。復(fù)雜的潛在病理生理學(xué)可能包括神經(jīng)微血管循環(huán)功能障礙,通透性增加和活化白細(xì)胞外滲[5]

危重癥肌?。–IM)是神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙的另一種表現(xiàn),包括粗絲(肌球蛋白)丟失[6],以及肌纖維壞死和萎縮[4,7,8]。這種肌肉質(zhì)量的丟失可能是由于泛素-蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)激活增強(qiáng)介導(dǎo)的肌肉蛋白水解增加,結(jié)合肌肉蛋白合成減少[4]。重要的是,盡管它們有不同的定義,CIP和CIM經(jīng)常共存[9]。

ICU獲得性肌無力(ICU-AW)是指危重癥患者臨床可檢測到的肌無力,無由危重患者以外的因素引起的肌無力[8]。大約有三分之一的危重癥患者患有ICU-AW。可能的病因包括肌肉萎縮或萎縮、CIP、CIM或這些因素的組合[11]。ICU-AW診斷通過手動(dòng)肌肉測試(MMT),即六個(gè)不同的肌肉群評估雙邊使用六分順序醫(yī)學(xué)研究委員會規(guī)模[12],總得分從0(沒有可見或明顯的收縮在所有12個(gè)肌肉群)60(正常力量),ICU-AW通常定義為和分?jǐn)?shù)<48[3,8]。盡管MMT是可行的和容易管理,它要求病人清醒,合作,能夠遵循命令[13]。此外,作為一個(gè)順序量表,該測量方法在檢測有臨床意義的強(qiáng)度差異方面的能力有限[11]。

其他可能在診斷肌肉無力中發(fā)揮作用的測試包括握力測量和手持測力測量。在一項(xiàng)對136例接受機(jī)械通氣的患者進(jìn)行的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中,握力與MMT有良好的相關(guān)性,并與住院死亡率有獨(dú)立的相關(guān)性。手持式測力儀是一種小型的力測量裝置,適合放在檢查者的手掌上,作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化體檢的一部分,在連續(xù)的尺度上測量意志力量。然而,它通常需要測試肌肉對抗重力運(yùn)動(dòng)(MMT最低3分),在虛弱患者進(jìn)行手術(shù)時(shí)可能會疲勞,這可能會限制危重患者的可行性[15]。

神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素

我們將簡要總結(jié)以下常見的神經(jīng)肌肉障礙危險(xiǎn)因素的現(xiàn)有證據(jù):臥床休息、糖皮質(zhì)激素和神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑(NMBs)。

(一)臥床休養(yǎng)

年輕的健康成年人在臥床休息后,可能會在短時(shí)間內(nèi)嚴(yán)重?fù)p失肌肉質(zhì)量和力量。在危重癥患者中,臥床休息與肌肉無力也有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究對222名ARDS幸存者進(jìn)行了為期2年的縱向隨訪[19]。在調(diào)整了18個(gè)變量后,包括基線特征和肌無力的潛在危險(xiǎn)因素后,在整個(gè)隨訪中,ICU臥床休息時(shí)間是唯一與肌無力有強(qiáng)、獨(dú)立且一致相關(guān)性的危險(xiǎn)因素。在3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月和24個(gè)月的隨訪評估中,在ICU中每多休息一天,肌力相對下降3%-11%。另一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究對來自ARDS網(wǎng)絡(luò)中12家醫(yī)院的203名ARDS幸存者在出院后進(jìn)行了12個(gè)月的縱向隨訪。在調(diào)整了年齡、性別、共病和基線功能狀態(tài)后,ICU住院時(shí)間(LOS)與肌力下降有顯著且獨(dú)立的相關(guān)性。重要的是,ICU的LOS接近臥床休息時(shí)間,因?yàn)?5%的患者沒有在ICU中常規(guī)接受早期活動(dòng)[20]。

臥床休息在ICU環(huán)境下的常規(guī)臨床實(shí)踐中是非常常見的。在來自美國、德國、澳大利亞和新西蘭的點(diǎn)流行率研究中,絕大多數(shù)接受機(jī)械通氣的患者沒有接受任何形式的床下活動(dòng)[21-23]。

(二)皮質(zhì)甾類

在評估危重癥患者的全身性糖皮質(zhì)激素和身體后遺癥的研究中,研究結(jié)果好壞參半。例如,在一項(xiàng)對95例接受機(jī)械通氣的患者的研究中,覺醒前給予皮質(zhì)類固醇是覺醒時(shí)ICU-AW的一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子(OR,14.9;95% CI,3.2-69.8;P <0.001);然而,與皮質(zhì)類固醇的劑量或持續(xù)時(shí)間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)[3]。前瞻性研究203幸存者ARDS 1年報(bào)告顯著關(guān)聯(lián)高平均皮質(zhì)類固醇劑量(40 mg/d強(qiáng)的松等量)在ICU和減少百分比預(yù)測6分鐘步行距離(P?.032)和短形式-36健康調(diào)查身體功能域(P?.005)分?jǐn)?shù)[24],但不是肌肉力量(通過MMT測量),在多元回歸模型調(diào)整基線特征、共病和病前功能狀態(tài)。相比之下,之前提到的對222名ARDS幸存者進(jìn)行的2年隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ICU中糖皮質(zhì)激素的累積劑量與虛弱或任何其他身體結(jié)果指標(biāo)之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)[19]。

(三)神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑

在評估神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑的研究中也報(bào)道了不同的結(jié)果。例如,在一項(xiàng)對1200名危重癥患者的亞分析中,納入隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(RCT),輸注神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑是肌電圖上存在大量自發(fā)活動(dòng)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR,2.01;9.5%CI,1.1-3.99;P?.02)[25]。然而,一項(xiàng)多中心RCT隨機(jī)分配340名嚴(yán)重ARDS患者在48小時(shí)內(nèi)開始輸注48小時(shí)或安慰劑。發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組ICU-AW的患病率和住ICU天數(shù)之間沒有顯著差異[26]。然而,在這些觀察性研究中,只有少數(shù)患者接受了神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯劑治療。

神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙后遺癥

ICU相關(guān)的神經(jīng)肌肉疾病有短期和長期的后遺癥。一些研究報(bào)告了ICU-AW與延遲脫離機(jī)械通氣、住院費(fèi)用增加和死亡率增加之間的關(guān)聯(lián)[14,27-29]。此外,ICU-AW患者出院后的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能顯著增加[29-31],呼吸肌肉力量、身體功能和與健康相關(guān)的生活質(zhì)量可能存在顯著損害,并持續(xù)至少2年。其他縱向研究也報(bào)道了持續(xù)的身體損傷,隨訪了ARDS幸存者出院后5年[32,33]。正如后面章節(jié)所討論的,對這些后遺癥及其長期影響的不斷認(rèn)識,增強(qiáng)了人們對早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)作為改善患者預(yù)后的潛在干預(yù)措施的興趣。

早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的安全性

接受機(jī)械通氣的患者通常被認(rèn)為有一個(gè)脆弱的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和呼吸狀態(tài),以及其他感知到的障礙,可能會干擾活動(dòng)。然而,報(bào)告的不良事件發(fā)生率非常低,主要以短暫的生理紊亂的形式,不需要任何額外的治療就能解決[34-36]。專家一致認(rèn)為,早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)是安全的,只要他們在活動(dòng)期間和活動(dòng)之后得到密切監(jiān)測,接受機(jī)械通氣的患者就不會面臨任何顯著的額外風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[37-39]

早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的好處

評估早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果存在差異,一些研究顯示顯著益處,另一些研究顯示沒有顯著益處(表1)[40-45]。例如,一項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)顯示,早期活動(dòng)在插管后48小時(shí)內(nèi)開始,顯著減少首次活動(dòng)的天數(shù),減少ICU和住院時(shí)間。同樣,在一項(xiàng)雙中心隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)中,早期開始物理治療(PT)和職業(yè)治療(OT)(插管后中位數(shù)為1.5天)導(dǎo)致精神錯(cuò)亂和機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間縮短,出院時(shí)功能獨(dú)立性顯著增加。此外,正如后面所討論的,評估在ICU環(huán)境中使用康復(fù)設(shè)備,如循環(huán)測效法和神經(jīng)肌肉電刺激(NMES)的試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證明了一些益處的證據(jù)(表1)[40-45]。

表1:ICU康復(fù)干預(yù)措施的選定對照臨床試驗(yàn)摘要

然而,在一項(xiàng)單中心RCT的研究中,在ICU進(jìn)行高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(從入院后7 [5-11]天的中位數(shù)[四分位數(shù)范圍(IQR)]開始),46天,以及在醫(yī)院病房和門診進(jìn)行更密集的運(yùn)動(dòng),在1年的隨訪中,與常規(guī)治療相比,并沒有改善患者的預(yù)后。此外,一項(xiàng)五中心隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn),在插管后8(6-11)天的中位(IQR)開始強(qiáng)化PT項(xiàng)目,在1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月的隨訪中也沒有改善身體功能[45]。與前一段顯示積極結(jié)果的試驗(yàn)相比,在這兩項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)中,康復(fù)干預(yù)的開始相對延遲,兩者與之前的積極試驗(yàn)中的對照組同時(shí)開始干預(yù)[41]。此外,PT干預(yù)的強(qiáng)度在對照組在兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)大于對照組的積極對照試驗(yàn)和常規(guī)治療實(shí)踐在許多ICU的基礎(chǔ)上流行率研究(表2)[21-23,30,40,41,44]。在未來的臨床試驗(yàn)中,常規(guī)治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化報(bào)告將對改善研究之間的比較發(fā)揮重要作用[47]。

世界范圍內(nèi)的多個(gè)質(zhì)量改進(jìn)(QI)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)成功地實(shí)施了ICU環(huán)境中的早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)(表3)[48-53]。總體而言,這些項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)證明了早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的安全性和可行性,以及多種潛在的好處,如減少ICU和醫(yī)院住院時(shí)間[54]。

表3:ICU早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)干預(yù)的選定QI項(xiàng)目摘要

早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的障礙

我們將討論一些常見的阻礙早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的障礙,以及克服這些障礙策略[55]

(一)文化障礙

在許多中心,目前的ICU文化是早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的一個(gè)重要的和潛在的可改變的障礙。協(xié)調(diào)不足,與不同程序的時(shí)間沖突,和競爭病人的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)是很常見的[21,46,56,57]??朔@些障礙需要有組織的多學(xué)科努力,并明確地溝通和認(rèn)識到早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的重要性。在優(yōu)先考慮早期康復(fù)文化的重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室提供重癥治療,使接受機(jī)械通氣的患者數(shù)量增加三倍[59,60]

采用約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院醫(yī)療ICU(MICU)的結(jié)構(gòu)化QI模型來改變文化,并對所有患者實(shí)施早期康復(fù)。該項(xiàng)目的關(guān)鍵組成部分包括制定PT和OT咨詢指南,以及改變患者活動(dòng)和鎮(zhèn)靜實(shí)踐(表3)[48-53]。項(xiàng)目的持續(xù)實(shí)施和評估是通過每周與多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)所有成員的會議進(jìn)行的[48,49]。通過這一過程,符合條件的患者沒有接受PT和OT干預(yù)的ICU天數(shù)比例大幅下降(41% vs 7%;P?.004)[48],在QI項(xiàng)目完成后至少5年,早期PT干預(yù)的時(shí)間有所改善[61]。與MICU工作人員進(jìn)行的定性研究顯示,QI項(xiàng)目導(dǎo)致早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)被視為常識,并與工作人員滿意度有關(guān)[62]。

(二)鎮(zhèn)靜

ICU鎮(zhèn)靜的廣泛使用可能是危重癥患者活動(dòng)的主要障礙[23,30,63,64]。鎮(zhèn)靜最小化可以通過實(shí)施ABCDE集束化束[65],所有患者每天進(jìn)行自發(fā)覺醒試驗(yàn)、自發(fā)呼吸試驗(yàn)、鎮(zhèn)靜和譫妄篩查、早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)[66-68]。一項(xiàng)對296例患者進(jìn)行的前后前瞻性研究顯示,應(yīng)用該集束化治療是可行的,并可改善患者的預(yù)后,如減少譫妄和增加下床活動(dòng)[66]

(三)氣管插管

氣管內(nèi)插管(ETT)的放置是另一個(gè)常見的障礙。為了幫助克服這一障礙,一項(xiàng)研究詳細(xì)介紹了49例接受氣管插管的患者在平均插管1.5天后開始PT和OT治療。69例患者每天接受10項(xiàng)PT和OT干預(yù)禁忌癥的篩查,然后每天中斷鎮(zhèn)靜,直到他們達(dá)到清醒,隨后開始PT和OT干預(yù)。在開始PT和OT干預(yù)之前,通過固定ETT,去除不必要的無創(chuàng)設(shè)備,并斷開腸內(nèi)喂養(yǎng)管。90%的患者天數(shù)都完成了康復(fù)干預(yù)。三分之一的療程涉及接受插管的患者從床上移到椅子上和站立,患者15%的療程涉及接受插管行走,只有4%的療程提前停止治療,主要是呼吸機(jī)不同步。圖1顯示了一名通過ETT接受機(jī)械通氣并在ICU與理療師一起行走的患者。

(四)腹股溝導(dǎo)管

腹股溝導(dǎo)管是早期康復(fù)的一個(gè)明顯障礙,因?yàn)橛幸馔饷摴?、出血或感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,研究人員在一項(xiàng)研究中觀察到101例患者在MICU中使用腹股溝導(dǎo)管(81%靜脈,29%動(dòng)脈,6%血液透析),他們在210天ICU內(nèi)進(jìn)行了253次PT治療。病人可以在床上運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、站立或行走的天數(shù)分別為38%、12%和23%。無與導(dǎo)管相關(guān)的不良事件[70]。在其他研究中也得到了類似的結(jié)果[71,72]

圖1-照片顯示患者氣管插管進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣在接受理療師行走訓(xùn)練(患者提供了書面同意使用這張照片。)

(五)持續(xù)腎替代治療

持續(xù)腎替代治療(CRRT)是另一個(gè)被認(rèn)為的障礙。然而,一項(xiàng)前瞻性單中心研究包括57例連續(xù)患者(79%接受機(jī)械通氣),這些患者在接受CRRT的同時(shí)接受了至少一次PT治療,結(jié)果顯示沒有與CRRT相關(guān)的安全事件[73]。共268次PT訓(xùn)練,包括床上訓(xùn)練(29%)、仰臥踏車運(yùn)動(dòng)(27%)、坐在床邊(30%)、轉(zhuǎn)到椅子上(5%)、站在原地或行走(9%)。在另一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中也獲得了類似的結(jié)果,該研究也證明了患者活動(dòng)可能改善CRRT過濾器的壽命[74]。

(六)成本

與早期康復(fù)相關(guān)的人員配備和成本的增加是人們普遍認(rèn)為的障礙。一項(xiàng)使用專用移動(dòng)團(tuán)隊(duì)的對照試驗(yàn),在考慮到與移動(dòng)團(tuán)隊(duì)相關(guān)的額外成本后,沒有導(dǎo)致總體成本增加[40],有證據(jù)表明ICU后一年內(nèi)再入院或死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著降低[75]。同樣,一個(gè)QI項(xiàng)目顯示,平均MICU和醫(yī)院住院時(shí)間顯著下降[48]。利用QI項(xiàng)目和其他出版物的數(shù)據(jù),引入ICU早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)的財(cái)務(wù)模型有24種可能的情況(從保守到最佳情況),其中83%有凈儲蓄[76]。

未來方向

現(xiàn)有設(shè)備和設(shè)備的新使用可能有助于在ICU環(huán)境中的早期康復(fù)。例如,NMES使用皮膚電極向手臂和腿部肌肉傳遞電刺激[77],目的是產(chǎn)生可見的收縮。在ICU患者中使用NMES的研究一致報(bào)道,NMES是安全可行的,并可能在改善肌肉質(zhì)量、力量和功能方面有潛在的好處[78-81]。根據(jù)對健康受試者的評估,NMES的有益作用可能部分是通過細(xì)胞因子的變化來介導(dǎo)的,類似于積極運(yùn)動(dòng)后觀察到的變化[82]。

床上被動(dòng)活動(dòng)也已成功地應(yīng)用于危重癥患者。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)分配了90名危重癥患者,在入院后5天開始接受常規(guī)治療或床邊被動(dòng)活動(dòng)治療[42]。干預(yù)組患者出院后明顯改善(表1)[40-45]。運(yùn)動(dòng)提前停止,由于短暫的生理紊亂,并在運(yùn)動(dòng)停止后2分鐘內(nèi)消失。一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究對181例患者(82%接受機(jī)械通氣)接受了541次床上被動(dòng)活動(dòng),報(bào)告了潛在安全事件或生理變化的發(fā)生率為0.2%[83]。

NMES聯(lián)合床上被動(dòng)活動(dòng)可能具有在危重疾病的早期階段讓患者參與積極活動(dòng)的優(yōu)勢。這種技術(shù),稱為功能電刺激活動(dòng),評估在一個(gè)小型試點(diǎn)研究8名患者接受機(jī)械通氣[84],與更大的多中心隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)?zāi)壳斑M(jìn)行評估功能電刺激活動(dòng)的功效在改善短期和長期的身體和認(rèn)知結(jié)果(ClinicalTrials.gov標(biāo)識符NCT02214823)。單中心的報(bào)告也強(qiáng)調(diào)了互動(dòng)式視頻游戲和水療(即,在游泳池里的康復(fù))作為ICU康復(fù)的創(chuàng)新想法[85,86]。

結(jié)論

ICU相關(guān)的神經(jīng)肌肉疾病越來越被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致短期和長期身體損傷的原因。臥床休息與神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙和身體損傷有密切的聯(lián)系,早期活動(dòng)和康復(fù)可能是減輕這些后遺癥的有價(jià)值的干預(yù)措施。盡管存在許多明顯的障礙,但在機(jī)械通氣后不久開始的活動(dòng)和康復(fù)是安全、可行的,并可能有利于改善患者的功能預(yù)后和減少機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和LOS。

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