高三M10U4語法語言文體
世界上有以億計的人使用英語，但不同的人在不同的場合使用的英語是不盡相同的。大體來說，學英語時要注意下面這幾種不同類型的語言。
1） 書面語和口語：
一般來說書面語比較規(guī)范，結構比較嚴謹，口語則比較簡短，結構比較松散，甚至中間夾有各種插入語，有時只說半句話又轉入另一句，省略句較多。有些時候還會夾雜俚語方言，這都會構成理解的障礙。此外口語使用者在自然對話中多使用“and”和“but”等詞來連接簡單句，或多使用單一動詞結構，而很少使用復雜的并列句或從句結構。而且，在一般會話中，由于說話者和聽話者之間的高度參與，說話者常使用直接引語和通俗口語語言。與口語相反，書面語中頻繁出現的是主語、謂語、定語、狀語、表語等的復雜的從句結構。除此之外，書面語使用者常運用被動語態(tài)、過去完成時、間接引語，以及書面化措詞等手段來擴大表達上的時間和空間跨度。
大家只要閱讀一本知識性的書（如歷史、地理、政治、經濟），不難體會書面語的特點。反過來看一些劇本或是讀一些小說中的對話，也不難看出口語的特點。例如：
Feeling bored, Amy left the cinema early. （written）
Amy felt bored, so she left the cinema early. (spoken)
The teacher came in, followed by many students. (written)
The teacher came in and many students followed him. (spoken)
以上兩句話中，第一句比較文氣，主要用在書面用語中。而第二句是比較隨便的說法，很可能出現在輕松的談話中，屬于口語范疇。
2） 正式場合及非正式場合用的英語：
正式場合用的英語，字典及語法中都標為formal，可以是書面的，如報告、商業(yè)書信、條規(guī)等中用的語言。比較規(guī)范，有時甚至比較文氣。口頭上也可使用這種語言，如演講、講課、正式作報告等。非正規(guī)場合使用的英語，指的是比較隨便的英語，口頭上用得最多，寫信、甚至寫文章也可能用這種語言。字典和語法書上多標作informal。例如：
The meeting will commence at 4 p.m. (formal)
The meeting will begin at 4 o’clock. (informal)
The government has continued its struggle against inflation. (formal)
The government’s kept up its fight against inflation. (informal)
另外，很多成語動詞也都表現了informal English的特點，例如：
formal informal
discover find out
explode blow up
encounter come across
invent make up
tolerate put up with
investigate look into
另外在結構上也有些差別，例如：
She longed for a friend in whom she could confide. (formal)
She longed for a friend (who) she could confide in. (informal)
In what country was he born? (formal)
What country was he born in? (informal)
一般來說，informal language就是指口語體的語言，formal language多有些文氣，書面上用得比較多。但現在書面語言也在變化，有些人寫作也多避免太文氣的語言，而使文體顯得比較輕松隨便平易易懂，甚至在大學課堂講課都比以前更加隨便。
最后我們通過一張簡單的表格總結一下以上這幾種不同類型的語言：
| | 正式 | 非正式 |
| 書面語 | 短文 報告 申請信 | 寫給朋友或家人的信 電子郵件 短消息 |
| 口頭語 | 正式演講 稱呼陌生人 | 和熟人說話（家庭成員或朋友） |
練習
將下面兩段文字轉換成不同的用語，注意在句子增減、語態(tài)、詞匯和縮寫方面的變化。
請將下面一段非正式用語轉換成正式用語：
I always hate going back to school after a holiday break. I am not sure why. I am anxious to see my friends, I don’t have any overdue homework, but I still get that funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. Has something changed? Do all my friends still feel the same way? Everyone will wear something new, I am sure of that.
請將下面一段正式用語轉換成非正式用語：
Even if using skin lightening products means they may face health risks, more and more people who have dark skin are using it. They believe that if they have whiter skin, they will improve their lives. Many people suppose they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a superior family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.
參考答案
段落1
I am not sure about why I always hate going back to school after a holiday break. Although I am anxious to see my friends and I do not have any overdue homework, I still have the funny feeling at the bottom of my stomach. Has something changed or do all my friends still feel the same way? I am sure of that everyone will wear something new.
段落2
More and more people with dark skin are using skin lightening products, even if it means they may face health risks. They think they will make their lives better with whiter skin. Many people think it will be easier to get a job or they’ll marry into a better family. Or they want to be generally considered beautiful by their society.
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