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傳說(shuō)的“檢驗(yàn)美國(guó)高中生水平的100個(gè)單詞”已經(jīng)第二次看到這個(gè)“檢驗(yàn)美國(guó)高中生英文水平的100個(gè)單詞”了，據(jù)說(shuō)是 The American Heritage Dictionary 的編輯們精心編輯的，他們認(rèn)為“這100個(gè)單詞對(duì)于高中畢業(yè)生來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然無(wú)法做到完全翔實(shí)地反映語(yǔ)言水平，但仍然是一個(gè)很好的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，主編 Steven Kleinedler 說(shuō)：“我們選擇的單詞，如果你知道如何正確運(yùn)用，那么你將在語(yǔ)言方面沒(méi)有問(wèn)題”。需要說(shuō)明的是，這個(gè)最早的出處地址我還沒(méi)找到，無(wú)法判斷其說(shuō)法是否準(zhǔn)確。abjureabrogateabstemiousacumenantebellumauspiciousbeliebellicosebowdlerizechicanerychromosomechurlishcircumlocutioncircumnavigatedeciduousdeleteriousdiffidentenervateenfranchiseepiphanyequinoxeuroevanescentexpurgatefacetiousfatuousfecklessfiduciaryfilibustergametegauchegerrymanderhegemonyhemoglobinhomogeneoushubrishypotenuseimpeachincognitoincontrovertibleinculcateinfrastructureinterpolateironyjejunekinetickowtowlaissez fairelexiconloquaciouslugubriousmetamorphosismitosismoietynanotechnologynihilismnomenclaturenonsectariannotarizeobsequiousoligarchyomnipotentorthographyoxidizeparabolaparadigmparameterpecuniaryphotosynthesisplagiarizeplasmapolymerprecipitousquasarquotidianrecapitulatereciprocalreparationrespirationsanguinesoliloquysubjugatesuffragistsupercilioustautologytaxonomytectonictempestuousthermodynanicstotalitarianunctuoususurpvacuousvehementvortexwinnowwroughtxenophobeyeomanziggurat希望在看過(guò)解析版后，最少能認(rèn)識(shí)第一個(gè)詞。把kowtow作為第一個(gè)詞，也是給大家增加信心的。盡管只有100個(gè)詞，但仍然可以找到最少15組同源詞，也有含相同構(gòu)詞成分（如后綴-ous, -ate 等）的不少詞。詞源解詞必然會(huì)涉及音變知識(shí)，因前邊博文里已經(jīng)有這方面的內(nèi)容，故涉及音變的主要在“點(diǎn)”。1. kowtow/?kau?tau; ka?ˋta?/（來(lái)自漢語(yǔ)的koutou）v . ~ (to sb/sth) to show sb in authority too much respect and be too willing to obey them 叩頭；磕頭；卑躬屈膝；唯命是從We will not kowtow to the government.Europe/?ju?r?p US ?jur-/（在來(lái)源上不確定，傳統(tǒng)上一直同Europa“歐羅巴”聯(lián)系在一起：腓尼基王Agenor阿革諾耳的女兒，被宙斯化作白牛劫到克里特，生下三個(gè)兒子。eur=eury寬，op臉，眼，Europa表示寬闊的臉龐、寬額或大眼睛的，作為歐洲大陸，本身的意思為“西”方或“日落”的地方→）n. 歐洲European/ju?r??p??n; ?j?r?ˋpi?n/（Europe歐洲，-an…的，屬于）a. 歐洲的，歐洲人的n. 歐洲人2. euro/ju?r?u/（來(lái)自Eurocurrency的縮寫(xiě)和變化，curr跑→移動(dòng)→流動(dòng)，-ency 名詞后綴；不斷流動(dòng)的東西→currency 貨幣；通行，流行）n. a unit of money that can be used in most countries of the European Union 歐元Prices are given in pounds and euros.nanometer 其實(shí)是“（矮）小”“米”， meter 是“米”，音譯“納米”，nano代表“納”，指的是10-9數(shù)量級(jí)（one billionth），當(dāng)然是很“小”了，nano中的o是連接字母，故nan代表“小”，而在普通詞匯中，nan 代表 little old woman，nun與nan比較，僅是元音字母發(fā)生變化。nun/n?n; n?n/（來(lái)自后期拉丁語(yǔ) nonna ‘a(chǎn)n old woman’）n. 修女，尼姑3. nanotechnology/?n?n?utek?n?l?d?i US -noutek?nɑ?-/（nano代表nanometer，technology技術(shù)，即：any technology on the scale of nanometers →）n. 納米技術(shù)Despite the growing pains, many experts say nanotechnology is catching on much faster than they had expected.technology, text 還有toilet都是簡(jiǎn)單詞，它們都與一個(gè)詞根tect同源。text, techn, tect 編織，編造，造印歐詞根形式為*teks-，techn, tecton均為帶后綴的形式。architect里的tect其實(shí)是來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)的tekton “木匠，建造者，制造者”，tect造→帶后綴的形式tecton.4. tectonic/tek'tɑn?k/（tect造→帶后綴的形式tecton木匠，建造者，制造者，-ic形容詞后綴；屬于和建造者、建筑有關(guān)的→）a. 1. of or pertaining to building or construction; constructive; architectural 建筑（學(xué)）的；構(gòu)造的；2. (geology) connected with the structure of the earth's surface 【地質(zhì)學(xué)】地殼構(gòu)造的...the tectonic plates of the Pacific region which are separating from the East Pacific Ridge.tauto看起來(lái)是不是有些怪異？其實(shí)它來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ) to auto ，其中的to 是中性定冠詞，意思是the，也與the同源。auto是“自己，自身”，tauto就是the samedialogue 是兩個(gè)人之間的“對(duì)話(huà)”，詞根為log，還有apology里的log。lecture等含同源詞根。印歐詞根*leg-“收集，說(shuō)”對(duì)應(yīng)lex“說(shuō)”。希臘語(yǔ)λογο? （logos ）表示：1. 話(huà)，話(huà)語(yǔ)；2. 談話(huà)，對(duì)話(huà)；3. 字，詞；4. 話(huà)題，主題；5. 原理，原則，準(zhǔn)則，規(guī)律。-logy 表示：1. …學(xué)，…論；2. 說(shuō)話(huà)，語(yǔ)詞所以不要僅限于知道 -ology 是“…學(xué)”，要知道 -o- + -logy = -ology，而-logy 與詞根lect等緊密聯(lián)系著。也要明白為什么把nanotechnology, tautology, lexicon 要放在一起？5. tautology/t???t?l?d??; t?ˋtɑl?d??/(tauto相同的，-logy說(shuō)話(huà)，語(yǔ)詞)n. a statement in which you say the same thing twice in different words, when this is unnecessary, for example 'They spoke in turn, one after the other.' 同義反復(fù)；贅述'The money should be adequate enough' is an example of tautology.6. lexicon/ ?leks?k?n; US -k?n; ˋl?ks?kɑn/（lex(is) 說(shuō)話(huà)，措辭，詞語(yǔ)，-ic 形容詞后綴，對(duì)應(yīng)希臘語(yǔ)的-ikos，lexicon來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)lexikos的中性，即最后的-on屬于語(yǔ)法變化帶來(lái)的；屬于詞語(yǔ)的→）n. 1. technical all the words and phrases used in a language or that a particular person knows （某語(yǔ)言或?qū)W科、某人或群體使用的）全部詞匯2. a list of words on a particular subject or in a language in alphabetical order（某學(xué)科或語(yǔ)言的）詞匯表3. a dictionary, especially one of an ancient language, such as Greek or Hebrew（尤指希臘語(yǔ)或希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)等古代語(yǔ)言的）詞典, 字典Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon.a cute little baby 里的cute來(lái)自acute，包括acid 在內(nèi)，都含有詞根：ac 尖印歐詞根形式為*ak-。7. acumen/??kjumen/（ac尖→帶后綴的形式acu削尖，變鋒利，敏銳，-men 名詞后綴；理解、判斷等尖銳、敏銳→）n． [U] the ability to understand and judge things quickly and clearly 敏銳; 精明; 聰明The firm's success is largely due to Brannon's commercial acumen.化學(xué)符號(hào)O大家都知道吧？很多酸中都含有“氧”，Antonie Laurent Lavoisier當(dāng)初認(rèn)為氧存在于所有酸中，oxygen的字面意思是“產(chǎn)生（gen）酸（oxy）的物質(zhì)”，酸acid的詞根ac與氧oxygen里的oxy為同源詞根oxide/??ksa?d; ˋɑksa?d/（來(lái)自法語(yǔ)oxygene=oxygen + acide=acid，氧和另一種元素或基團(tuán)的化合物→）n. 氧化物8. oxidize/??ks?da?z/（oxide=oxide，-ize treat or combine with使與…結(jié)合）vt. (technical) to combine or to make sth combine with OXYGEN, especially when this causes metal to become covered with RUST（使）氧化；（使）生銹（因氧化而形成）Aluminium is rapidly oxidized in air.The original white lead pigments have oxidized and turned black.university里有vers。advertise即“做廣告”就是要使注意力“轉(zhuǎn)向”某事。Converse（匡威）這個(gè)品牌取自于創(chuàng)辦人Marquis M. Converse先生的姓氏，Converse即康弗斯，含義是“皈依者（convert）”，就是完全（con-）虔誠(chéng)地“轉(zhuǎn)”（vers）向某一宗教組織，詞根vers 和vert 都是“轉(zhuǎn)”。9. incontrovertible/???k?ntr??v??t?bl/（in- 不，contro-=contra- 反對(duì)，vert轉(zhuǎn)，controvert轉(zhuǎn)向相反→持有相反的觀點(diǎn)→反駁，就…展開(kāi)爭(zhēng)論；-ible可…的；不可反駁的→）a. definitely true and impossible to be proved false 無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的，不容置疑的，無(wú)可辯駁的There is now incontrovertible evidence that the government is violating the agreement.10. vortex/?v??teks; ˋv?rt?ks/（是vertex的變體，即vort=vert轉(zhuǎn)，-ex名詞后綴；風(fēng)、水等旋轉(zhuǎn)得很快形成的→）n. (pl 復(fù)數(shù)作 ~es 或 -tices / -t?si?z; -t??siz/)1. (technical) a mass of air, water, etc. that spins around very fast and pulls things into its centre（風(fēng)或水形成的）旋風(fēng)，旋渦2. (literary) a very powerful feeling, force or situation that you cannot avoid or escape from: （感情或局勢(shì)的）旋渦I was sucked into a vortex of despair.want 除了“要”，還有“缺乏，缺少”的意思，詞根wan就表示“缺”，“缺”失了就有“空”。wan(t), van, vain, vac 空，缺印歐詞根形式為*(e)wa-n-“離開(kāi)，離棄，用完，耗盡”，所以派生詞的意思為“被離棄的，缺乏的，空的”。詞根為vac, wan 等是 wa, va 等帶后綴或擴(kuò)展的形式。記得有人區(qū)分不了vacation和vocation，其實(shí)二者最大的區(qū)別在詞根，詞根vac 是“空，缺”，空出的一段時(shí)間就是vacation。11. vacuous/?v?kju?s/（vac空，u=-uus 形容詞后綴，vacu就是拉丁語(yǔ)vacuus空的，-ous有…特性的；頭腦里空的→）a. (formal) showing no sign of intelligence or sensitive feelings 無(wú)知的；空洞的; 無(wú)意義的a vacuous remark/question/expression/smileMale models are not always so vacuous as they are made out to be.vanish 中的也是van空，當(dāng)然還有vain：12. evanescent/?i?v??nesnt; US ?ev-; ??v?ˋn?snt/(e- out, van 空，-esce開(kāi)始，-ent形容詞后綴；開(kāi)始變空即消失的→)a. (literary) disappearing quickly from sight or memory: (fml 文) 瞬間即逝的；迅速遺忘的Talk is evanescent, writing leaves footprints.“完全（con-）”“信任（fid）”別人或自己的才是confident“自信的”和“確信的”，因?yàn)椤靶湃巍辈庞辛薴iancé（未婚夫）和fiancée（未婚妻），當(dāng)然還有faith。Fidius 是羅馬信用之神。fid, fed, faith 信任13. diffident/?d?f?d?nt; ˋd?f?d?nt/（dif-=dis- ‘a(chǎn)way’ 分離，缺乏，fid信任，-ent形容詞后綴；缺乏對(duì)自己信任的→）a. ~ (about sth) not having much confidence in yourself; not wanting to talk about yourself 缺乏自信的；膽怯的；羞怯的You shouldn't be so diffident about your achievements - you've done really well!14. fiduciary/f??dju?.?i.?.ri/（fid信任→拉丁語(yǔ)fiduci(a)信任、信賴(lài)，-ary與…有關(guān)的（人））a. relating to the responsibility to look after someone else's money in a correct way:信托的；信用的；（尤指）受信托的，受信托的n. Fiduciary is used to talk about things which relate to a trust, or to the people who are in charge of a trust.（尤指財(cái)產(chǎn)）受信托人（或公司）They have a case against their directors for breach of fiduciary duty.中古英語(yǔ)里，head的拼寫(xiě)是heved，古英語(yǔ)的拼寫(xiě)是heafod, 古高地德語(yǔ)是houpit, 現(xiàn)代德語(yǔ)是Haupt。Capital是“首都”，而詞根capit就是“頭”，它與head的同源關(guān)系能看出來(lái)嗎？15. precipitous/pr??s?p?t?s; pr?ˋs?p?t?s/（pre-前，cipit頭，-ous有…特性的；頭向前即頭向下扔、拋下的、頭朝下摔下去的地方的→）a. 1. very steep, high and often dangerous: 險(xiǎn)峻的; 陡峭的2. sudden and great 突然的，驟然的，急劇的3. done very quickly, without enough thought or care 草率的，倉(cāng)促的，貿(mào)然的The stock market's precipitous drop frightened foreign investors.a precipitous marriage.capitulate/ k??p?t?ule?t; k?ˋp?t???let/（capit頭，-ul=-ule 小，capitul 小頭→章，節(jié)，題頭或標(biāo)題；-ate使形成；使形成即起草投降協(xié)議的章節(jié)→）v. ~ (to sb/sth) 1. 屈服，屈從；2. 投降16. recapitulate/?ri?k??p?t?ule?t; ?rik?ˋp?t???let/（re- 再，capit 頭，-ul=-ule 小，capitul 小頭→章，節(jié)，-ate使形成；再以章或節(jié)敘述→再次重復(fù)要點(diǎn)→）v. (formal) ~ (on sth) ~ sth to repeat or give a summary of what has already been said, decided, etc: 扼要重述；概括Let's just recapitulate the essential points.Let me just recapitulate (on) what we've agreed so far.
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