例 She didn't remember ____ him before.
A.having met B.have met
C.to meet D.to having met
此題應(yīng)選A。一般說(shuō)來(lái),在動(dòng)詞remember(記得),forget(忘記),regret(后悔)等之后,若接不定式,表示該不定式所表示的動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生;若是接動(dòng)名詞(可用一般式或完成式,偶爾還可用不定式的完成式),則表示該動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如:
1.Do you remember ____ me at a party last year?
A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met
2.—The light in the office is still on.
—Oh,I forgot____.
A.turning it off B.turn it Off
C.to turn it off D.having turned it off
3.—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
—Well,now I regret ____ that.
A.to do B.to be doing
C.to having done D.having done
4.—I regret ____ that I can't help you.
—That's all right.
A.say B.to say C.saying D.said
在表示已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),若句中含有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),則以用動(dòng)名詞的一般式為宜:
I regret telling you about it yesterday.
我后悔昨天把此事告訴了你。
答案:1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B
69.stop 等動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞含義不同 例 He was very tired so he stopped ____ a rest. A.have B.to have C.having D.to having 此題應(yīng)選B。在動(dòng)詞 stop(停止),go on(繼續(xù))等之后,接不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式都可以,但含義有差別:stop 之后若接不定式,表示停止正在做的事情而去做另外一件事(即去做不定式表示的動(dòng)作);若接動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式,則只表示停止正在做的事情(即停止-ing 動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作);go on 之后若接不定式,表示的是做完一件事情后,接著做另外一件事(即做不定式所表示的動(dòng)作);若接動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式,則表示繼續(xù)做正在做的事(即繼續(xù)做- ing 動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作)。如: 1.He reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the side of the path. A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest 2.They stopped____,but there was no more sound. A.listen B.listening C.to listen D.to have listened 3.When he saw us,he stopped____,got up and shook hands with us. A.to read B.reading C.read D.to be reading 4.You can't go on ____ all night without a rest. A.to work B.working C.work D.to have worked 5.Goon ____ theother exercisesafteryou have finished this one. A.to do B.doing C.with D.to be doing 答案:1.C 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A
70.mean 等動(dòng)詞接不定式或動(dòng)名詞含義不同
例 He meant ____ the early bus,and that meant ____up before five o'clock.
A.to catch,to get B.catching,getting
C.to catch,getting D.catching,to get
此題應(yīng)選C。在動(dòng)詞mean,try,can't help 等之后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞,動(dòng)詞本身含義有變化。試比較并體會(huì):
a.mean + to do sth 打算做某事 mean + doing sth 意味著
b.try + to do sth 設(shè)法做某事 try + doing sth 做某事試一試(看有什么效果)
c.can't help + to do sth 不能幫助做某事 can't help + doing sth 禁不住做某事
練習(xí)題
1.Oh,sorry.I didn't mean ____ your feelings.
A.hurt B.to hurt C.hurting D.to hurting
2.This illness will mean ____ to hospital.
A.go B.to go C.going D.to going
3.I couldn't help ____ when I heard the joke.
A.laugh B.to laugh C.laughing D.laughed
4.Don't take the medicine.It can't help ____ rid of your cold.
A.get B.to get C.getting D.got
5.—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ____ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go
C.to try and go D.try going
答案:1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D
71.need 等動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞均可,但語(yǔ)態(tài)不同
例 The library needs____,but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A.cleaning B.be cleaned
C.clean D.being cleaned
此題應(yīng)選A。表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞need,want,require 等,其后可接動(dòng)名詞(用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義)或不定式(用被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義):
這位老頭需要照顧。
a.The old man needs looking after.
b.The old man needs to be looked after.
你的頭發(fā)需要理了。
a.Your hair wants cutting.
b.Your hair wants to be cut.
這房子需要刷漆了。
a.The house requires painting.
b.The house requires to be painted.
但是在其它情況下,則用主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式不能隨便:
這部電影值得看兩遍。
正:The film is worth seeing twice.
誤:The film is worth to be seen twice.
誤:The film is worth being seen twice.
這本書(shū)很難理解。
正:The book is difficult to understand.
誤:The book is difficult to be understood. 72.介詞but 后的動(dòng)詞帶不帶to 主要看前面 有沒(méi)有do 例 He did nothing but ____ a letter. A.write B.to write C.writing D.to have written 此題應(yīng)選A。一般說(shuō)來(lái),介詞后接動(dòng)詞通常應(yīng)是動(dòng)名詞。但是介詞but(except 也一樣)卻比較特殊,其后接動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以接不定式,并且這個(gè)不定式可以帶to 也可以不帶to: 1.當(dāng)其前的謂語(yǔ)含有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do(可以是各種形式)時(shí),其后的不定式通常不帶to: She will do anything but play chess.她除了下棋外什么都愿干。 He did nothing all day except watch TV.他一整天除了看電視什么也沒(méi)做。 2.當(dāng)其前的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有某種形式的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do 時(shí),其后的不定式通常要帶to: They had no choice but to obey.他們別無(wú)選擇只有服從。 He wanted nothing but to stay here. 他除了想呆在這里外,其它什么也不想。 3.當(dāng)其前含有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do 但不是用作謂語(yǔ)時(shí),其后的不定式帶不帶to 均可,但以不帶to 為多見(jiàn): There's nothing to do but(to)leave.只好離開(kāi)。 There was nothing to do but(to)wait.除了等沒(méi)有其它的辦法。 4.在cannot(help)but 后習(xí)慣上接不帶to 的不定式: I cannot(help)but admire his courage.我不得不佩服他的勇氣。 73.“have + 賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)詳解 例 It was cold.He had the fire ____ all night. A.burn B.to Burn C.burning D.to Burning 此題應(yīng)選C。有關(guān)have 的以下幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)須注意: 1.have +賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形,表示“叫某人做某事”,是使役動(dòng)詞;有時(shí)用于否定句,表示“不能讓”, 多與won't 連用: I'll have her post the letter.我要叫她去寄信。 I won't have you tell me what to do.我不能讓你對(duì)我做的事指手劃腳。 2.have +賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞。表示使某人或某物一直處于做某事的狀態(tài)當(dāng)中;有時(shí)用于否定句, 表示“不允許”,一般與won't, can't 連用: He had the light burning all night.他讓燈亮了一整夜。 I won't have you smoking at your age.我不能讓你在這個(gè)年紀(jì)就抽煙。 3.have +賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞。主要用法有: 1)表示請(qǐng)某人做某事(主語(yǔ)通常不參加): We had the machine repaired.我們請(qǐng)人修了機(jī)器。 2)表示經(jīng)歷或遭遇(通常是違背主語(yǔ)意愿的): I had my watch stolen.我的表被人偷去了。 3)表示完成或解決某事(主語(yǔ)也可能參加): I've had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把我所有的錯(cuò)誤都改正過(guò)來(lái)了。 4)表示“拒絕或不允許發(fā)生某事”(多與won't 連用): We won't have anything said against the Party. 我們不允許有人這樣攻擊黨。 74.你會(huì)用“make +賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”嗎 例 My spoken English is poor.I can't make myself ____ . A.understand B.to understant C.understanding D.understood 此題應(yīng)選D。容易誤選A,認(rèn)為句中的make 是使役動(dòng)詞,其后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形。但是從句意上看myself 與動(dòng)詞understand 具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系),所以用過(guò)去分詞。如: He shouted aloud so that he could make his voice heard. 他大聲喊,以便讓別人聽(tīng)到他的聲音。 You must make yourself respected.你必須要讓別人尊重你。 We should make our views known.我們應(yīng)該要使我們的觀點(diǎn)讓別人知道。 比較以下“make +賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形”的用法: What made you think so?是什么使你這樣想的呢? He made us stay to tea.他留我們吃茶點(diǎn)。 You may take a horse to the water,but you can't make him drink. 你可以把馬牽到水邊,但你不能讓它喝水(捆綁不成夫妻)。但是,不要將以上使役用法與以下各句(make 表示“制造”)相混淆: He made some candles to give light.他做了些蠟燭來(lái)照明。 He made a large box to put his books in.他做了個(gè)大箱子來(lái)裝書(shū)。 75.注意這類“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+doing”結(jié)構(gòu) 例 The salesman scolded the girl caught ____ and let her off. A.to have stolen B.to be stealing C.to steal D.stealing 此題應(yīng)選D。句中的 caught stealing 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)用作定語(yǔ),修飾其前的名詞 the girl,可看作是定語(yǔ)從句 who was caught stealing的省略形式(注意這是一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子),其中使用的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)是 catch sb doing sth(抓住某人或碰上某人在做某事)。又如: He caught me smoking a cigarette.他抓住我抽煙。 The farmer caught the boy stealing his apples. 農(nóng)夫抓住這個(gè)男孩偷他的蘋(píng)果。 類似以下結(jié)構(gòu)也須注意: 1.find sb doing sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人在做某事: We found the girl crying under the tree. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)女孩在樹(shù)下哭。 2.see/hear/watch/observe sb doing sth 看見(jiàn)/聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/觀看/觀察某人在做某事: He heard the girl singing in the next room. 他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這個(gè)姑娘在隔壁房間唱歌。 試比較: I saw her enter the shop.我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)了商店(指全過(guò)程)。 I saw her entering the shop. 我看見(jiàn)她在進(jìn)商店(指動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行)。 76.在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式中否定詞置于何處 例 The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 此題應(yīng)選C。主要考察在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式中,否定詞的位置。一般說(shuō)來(lái),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式只能在非謂詞動(dòng)詞之前加否定詞;若非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括幾個(gè)詞(如是完成式、被動(dòng)式等),則只能在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的第一個(gè)詞前加否定詞;so as to,in order to 等結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式,not只能放在不定式符號(hào)to 之前。 如: 1.She pretended ____ me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen 2.Tom kept quiet about the accident ____ lose his job. A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to 3.Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking. A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive 4. ____ a reply,he decided to write again. A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 答案:1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 77.此題是考察非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞嗎 例 ____ many times,but the boys still couldn't under- stand it. A.Having told B.Though he had been told C.He was told D.Having been told 此題應(yīng)選C。容易誤選A,D,考生從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中初看一眼便斷定此題是考察非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,這剛好落入了命題者設(shè)置的陷阱。做好此題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于注意到句中的并列連詞but,因?yàn)樗拇嬖诰捅砻鬟@是一個(gè)并列句,所以前面應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子而不能是一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 1. ____ ask the teacher if you have any questions. A.Doing B.Do C.To Do D.Done 2. ____ hard and you'll pass the college entrance examinations. A.Study B.Studying C.To study D.Studied 3. ____ down the radio——the baby's asleep in the next room. A.Turning B.Turn C.Turned D.To turn 4.On Saturday afternoon,Mrs Green went to the market, ________ some fruit and visited her cousin. A.bought B.buying C.to Buy D.buy 5.She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later. A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived D.and arrived 答案:1.B 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D 78.succeed 后可接不定式或動(dòng)名詞嗎 例 He succeeded ____ the job. A.to get B.getting C.in getting D.of getting 此題應(yīng)選C。表示做某事成功,succeed 后既不能接不定式也不能接動(dòng)名詞,而應(yīng)接in(doing)。如: We succeeded in performing the task.我們成功地完成了任務(wù)。 I didn't succeed in my first lecture.我第一次演講沒(méi)有成功。 He succeeded in (winning)the first prize. 他成功地獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。 類似地,以下動(dòng)詞在通常情況下,其后既不接不定式也不接動(dòng)名詞。若意義上要接動(dòng)詞,要用“介詞+ 動(dòng)名詞”: insist on 堅(jiān)持 persist in 堅(jiān)持,繼續(xù) dream of 夢(mèng)想 concentrate on 專心于 他堅(jiān)持要同我們一起去。 正:He insisted on going with us. 誤:He insisted going with us. 誤:He insisted to go with us. 他夢(mèng)想與科學(xué)家。 正:He dreamed of becoming a scientist. 誤:He dreamed becoming a scientist. 誤:He dreamed to become a scientist. 他聚精會(huì)神地研究計(jì)劃。 正:He concentrated on studying the plan. 誤:He concentrated studying the plan. 誤:He concentrated to study the plan. 79.你知道什么叫懸垂分詞嗎 例 ____ the road,a car knocked him down. A.Crossing B.Crossed C.When he was crossing D.To cross 此題應(yīng)選C。其余均可能被誤選。分析如下:選項(xiàng)B 不對(duì),因?yàn)樗沁^(guò)去分詞,其后不應(yīng)有賓語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)A,D 不對(duì),因?yàn)樵摲侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致——構(gòu)成懸垂分詞。一般說(shuō)來(lái),作狀語(yǔ)用的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致,否則便是錯(cuò)句。比較: 為了通過(guò)考試,(他)每分鐘都用來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。 誤:To pass the exam,every minute was spent in studying. 正:To pass the exam,he spent every minute in studying. 信讀了第二次之后,意思就更清楚了。 誤:Reading the letter a second time,the meaning became clearer. 正:Being read a second time,the letter became clearer in meaning. 狗叫得厲害,所以我把它放了出去。 誤:Barking madly,I led the dog out. 正:Barking madly,the dog was let out. 但是,在有些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)(只有少數(shù)固定結(jié)構(gòu))中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以沒(méi)有邏輯主語(yǔ): Judging from[by]what he said,he was a cheat. 從他說(shuō)的話來(lái)看,他就是個(gè)騙子。 80.可說(shuō)Yes,of,course,you could 嗎 例 —Could I use your dictionary? —Yes,of course you ____ . A.can B.could C.might D.must 此題應(yīng)選A。不要受問(wèn)句could 的影響而選B。用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,could,may,might)表示許可,注意以下幾點(diǎn): 1.表示請(qǐng)求允許(即請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事),可用can(=may),也可用could(=might)。注意:若用could(=might),并不表過(guò)去,而表現(xiàn)在,只是語(yǔ)氣較委婉。 2.表示給予允許(即自己允許別人做某事),一般只用can(=may),而不能用could,might: A:Can[Could,May,Might]I use your phone? 我可以用一下你的電話嗎? B:Yes,of course you can[may].(正) B:Yes,of course you could[might].(誤) 3.但是在間接引語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞后,可用could,might (此時(shí)為過(guò)去式)來(lái)表示給予的允許: He said that I might[could]borrow his car. 他說(shuō)我可以借他的車。 4.在過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中,could 可用來(lái)表示一般性的允許,但不能表示特定的允許: When I was at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to . 我在家時(shí),想哪時(shí)看電視就哪時(shí)看。 I was allowed to go there yesterday. 昨天允許我去了那兒。(特定允許——不能用could)
81.你知道was able to 與could 的區(qū)別嗎
例 The fire spread through the hotel quickly but everyone ____get out.
A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
此題應(yīng)選 D。容易誤選 C(could)。這里主要涉及 could 與was able to 的用法和區(qū)別:
1.表示過(guò)去一般性能力時(shí)(即某人想干什么就能干什么的能力),兩者都可用:
He could[was able to]run very fast when he was a boy.
他小時(shí)候跑得很快。
2.表示過(guò)去特定的能力(即某人在某一具體場(chǎng)合做某事的能力,往往暗示經(jīng)過(guò)努力才具備的能力),通常用 was(were)able to,也可用managed to do sth 或 succeeded in doing sth,但是不能用could:
他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試及了格。
正:He worked very hard and was able to[managed to]pass his examination.
誤:He worked very hard and could pass his his examination.正因?yàn)榇嗽?,所以上面一題的答案用 was able to get out, 而不用 could get out,因?yàn)榇祟}談及的是一種特定場(chǎng)合的具體能力。但值得注意的是,以上用法只適合于肯定句,若在否定句中,則可用 couldn't 代替 wasn't[weren't]able to:
He worked hard but wasn't able to[couldn't]pass the exam.
他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,但考試卻未能及格。
82.表推測(cè)的can/could 有何區(qū)別 例 —Do you believe what he says? —Yes,it ____ be true. A.can B.could C.need D.has to 此題應(yīng)選B。該題容易誤選A。下面談?wù)?/font>can,could 表示推測(cè)的有關(guān)用法: 1.表示理論上的可能性(即從理論上分析是可能的,但實(shí)際未必會(huì)發(fā)生),可用can(表現(xiàn)在)或could(表過(guò)去): He is in poor health.He can be ill at any time. 他身體不好,隨時(shí)都可能會(huì)生病。 Even experts can make mistakes.即使是專家也可能會(huì)出差錯(cuò)。 My mother could be very unpleasant at times. 我母親有時(shí)候會(huì)讓人非常不愉快。 2.表示現(xiàn)實(shí)可能性,這包含兩個(gè)方面的含義:一是指將來(lái)可能性,一是指現(xiàn)在的可能性,在這兩種用法中,通常都不用can,但可用 could(可以指現(xiàn)在,相當(dāng)于 may/might): 今年夏天我們可能要去日本。(將來(lái)可能性) 正:We could[may,might]go to Japan this summer. 誤:We can go to Japan this summer. 你可能是對(duì)的,但我不認(rèn)為你對(duì)。(現(xiàn)在可能性) 正:You could[may,might]be right,but I don't think you are. 誤:You can be right,but I don't think you are. 有時(shí)也用can 來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在的可能性,但那通常只限于否定句或疑問(wèn) 句中:It can't be true.那不可能是真的。 What can he possibly want?他可能會(huì)想要什么呢? 83.你會(huì)用“can(could) +have +過(guò)去分詞”嗎 例 I can't find him anywhere;he ____ home. A.can go B.can have gone C.could go D.could have gone 此題應(yīng)選D。首先,can 一般不用于肯定的推測(cè)用法中,從而排除A,B;另一方面,從句意上看,這應(yīng)該是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作的推測(cè),所以只能用D。 can[could] +have +pp 的用法要注意: 1.can +have +pp 主要用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句: He can't have said so.他不可能這樣說(shuō)過(guò)。 Where can he have gone?他會(huì)上哪兒去了呢? 2.could +have +pp 主要用于: 1)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè),可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問(wèn)句,其意為“可能 (已經(jīng))”: He could have forgotten that.他可能把那事忘了。 Where could he have gone on such a night? 在那樣一個(gè)晚上他會(huì)到什么地方去了呢? 2)表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性(即某事本來(lái)可以發(fā)生,但卻沒(méi)有發(fā)生),意為“本來(lái)可以”: You could have given her some help.你本來(lái)可以給她些幫助的。 3)用來(lái)委婉地責(zé)備某人過(guò)去應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)有去做,意為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該”: You could have come here a little earlier.你本來(lái)應(yīng)該來(lái)早點(diǎn)的。 4)表示“差點(diǎn)兒就要”: I could have died laughing.我差點(diǎn)兒笑死了。 84.你會(huì)用“may(might) +have +過(guò)去分詞”嗎 例 You are late again.You ____ earlier. A.may come B.may have come C.might come D.might have come 此題應(yīng)選D。首先,從句意上看,此句談?wù)摰膽?yīng)該是過(guò)去的事,所以只能用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +動(dòng)詞完成式”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu),從而排除A,C;另一方面,may +have +pp 通常只表示推測(cè)而不表示責(zé)備,而 might +have +pp則既可以表推測(cè)也可以表責(zé)備,而此句的語(yǔ)境剛好是一種責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣(你又遲到了,你本來(lái)可以來(lái)早的),所以只能選D。 1.對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的推測(cè)用“may +動(dòng)詞原形”;對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)則用 “may +have +pp”(主要用于肯定或否定句): It may rain tomorrow.明天可能下雨。 He may have said so.他也許這樣說(shuō)過(guò)。 They may not have known it before.他們以前可能不知道此事。 2.若是推測(cè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作也可用 may +be +doing: He may be waiting for us.他也許在等我們。 表示推測(cè)的may 一般都可以用might 代之(以上各例中表推測(cè)的may均可換為might,只是語(yǔ)氣不那么肯定。但是以下兩種情況通常要用might,而不用may: 1.表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)沒(méi)有做某事進(jìn)行責(zé)備: You might have helped her.你本來(lái)可以幫她的! 2.用于疑問(wèn)句: Might this be true?這可能是真的嗎? Might he have been waiting long?他可能已等了很久嗎?
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