直接引語和間接引語詳解
引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號“ “標出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號這叫做間接引語，實際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式）。那么直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，句子的結構，人稱、時態(tài)、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢?
1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變
1）直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如：
He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的，轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱，如：
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱說的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如：
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對待，要符合邏輯。
2、時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換
直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應的變化，變成過去時范疇的各種時態(tài)（實際也是賓語從句的時態(tài)要求），變化如下：
直接引語 間接引語 直接引語 間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般過去時 過去完成時
現(xiàn)在進行時 過去進行時 過去完成時 過去完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 過去進行時 過去進行時
一般將來時 過去將來時
例如：
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>
Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>
He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>
Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>
He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
3、直接引語變成間接引語時，從句時態(tài)無須改變的情況
1）當主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的時候，如：
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2）當主句的謂語動詞是將來時的時候，如：
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3）當直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時，如：
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4）當直接引語中有以when, while引導的從句，表示過去的時間時，如：
He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5）當直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時，如：
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6）當引語是諺語、格言時，如：
He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7）當直接引語中有情態(tài)動詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need時，如：
例如：
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>
The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.
He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>
He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>
The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.
She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
〔注〕：此處用had to代替must更好
8）此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機械照搬，如果當?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為go，如果當天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變。如：
Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?
Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
4、時間狀語、地點狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動詞變化
1）時間狀語：
直接引語 間接引語 直接引語 間接引語
now then tomorrow the next（following）day
today that day next week the next（following）week（month, year）
yesterday the day before two days ago two days before
last week （month, year） the week（month, year）before this week that week（month, year）
2）指示代詞：these 變成those
3）地點狀語：here變成there
She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..
4）動詞：come變成go，bring變成take
5、直接引語變成間接引語，句子結構的變化
1）陳述句。用連詞that引導，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可直用接引語中的said, 也可用told來代替，注意，可以說said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接說told that, 如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>
He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可說told that）
此外主句中的謂語還常有：
repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：
He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.
如果間接引語是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列從句，第一個連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>
The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.
2）直接引語為一般疑問句，（也稱是否疑問句，）間接引語用連詞whether或if引導，原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked（me/him/us等），語序是陳述句的語序，這一點非常重要。
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>
He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>
He asked whether I was interested in English.
3） 直接引語為選擇疑問句，間接引語用whether…or…表達，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如：
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4）直接引語為特殊疑問句，改成間接引語時，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask（sb.）來表達，語序改為陳述句語序。如：
He asked，“What's your name?”——> He asked（me）what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——>
He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
5）直接引語為祈使句時，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句變成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態(tài)都作相應的變化。如：
He said，“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——>
He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——>
The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——>
The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
6）有些含有“建議”——>、“勸告”——>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等動詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：
He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.
7）當直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示請求，建議意義時，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>
He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.
8）直接引語是感嘆句時，變間接引語可用what或how引導，也可用that引導，如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.
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