4. 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞所跟的賓語(yǔ)中,如果從句謂語(yǔ)是否定的,一般要將否定詞移至主句的謂語(yǔ)之上而將從句賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)榭隙ǖ男问?,例如?br>
I don’t suppose it is rush hour yet. 我看還沒有到高峰期。
I’m sorry but I don’t think I know you. 很抱歉我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。
5. 在hope, believe, image, suppose, guess, think 等及物動(dòng)詞以及I’m afraid 等表達(dá)的后面,可用so 代替一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,該賓語(yǔ)從句通常是上文提到的一件事,例如:Do you think we will have a good weather? -I hope so.
I don’t believe so. 或者 I believe not. 我想不是這樣。
hope 常用第二種否定形式,也就是 I hope not. 我不希望這樣。
1. 同位語(yǔ)從句用于表示名詞的內(nèi)容對(duì)其加以解釋,能跟有同位語(yǔ)從句的往往是具有一定內(nèi)容含義的抽象名詞,
這些抽象名詞有:answer 【回答】, believe 【信心、信念】,certainty 【確實(shí)的事】,
conclusion 【結(jié)論】,condition 【條件】,decision 【決定】,desire 【愿望】,
doubt 【懷疑】,dream 【夢(mèng)想】,evidence 【證據(jù)】,fact 【事實(shí)】,fear 【恐懼】,
feeling 【感覺】,hope 【希望】,idea 【主意、意見、打算、想法】,
information 【消息、情報(bào)】,instruction 【指導(dǎo)、指示、說明】,message 【消息、信息】,news 【新聞、消息】,order 【命令】,possibility 【可能性】,problem 【問題】,
promise 【諾言】,question 【問題】,reply 【回答、答復(fù)】,report 【報(bào)告】,
rule 【規(guī)定、規(guī)則】,rumor 【謠言】,suggestion 【建議、提議】,thought 【想法】,
truth 【真實(shí)、真相】,warning 【警報(bào)、警告】等等。
例如:
We were very excited exercise news that our chinese athletes won many gold medals.
我們聽到我們中國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員贏得了許多金牌的消息非常激動(dòng)。
The fact that the contract were signed was important.
簽訂了合同這件事本身就很重要。 2.同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that 引導(dǎo),但隨著與其同位的名詞不同,也可由whether, when, which, who, how, what, why 等詞引出,例如:
The question whether we needed it has not yet been considered.
我們是否需要它這個(gè)問題還沒有考慮。
I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何時(shí)回來。
I have no idea which dictionary is hers. 我不知道哪本詞典是她的。
The question who was to plan has never been settled.
該由誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)問題根本沒有解決。
It is very difficult to answer your question how I did it.
很難回答你提出的我是怎樣做的問題。
Next comes question what you wanted for.
其次就是這個(gè)問題你為什么要他。
My question why he did it at all has not been answered.
我的問題究竟為什么他做這件事還沒有得到回答。
由于同位語(yǔ)從句常常可譯為…… 的想法、消息等,因此有的語(yǔ)法家將其歸為特殊的定語(yǔ)從句,事實(shí)上兩者還是有一定的區(qū)別的,例如:
We are delighted as news that we are going to spent our summer vocation in Dalian.
同位語(yǔ)從句,句中that 從句中本身的內(nèi)容就是news 內(nèi)容本身,that在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,只起連接的作用:
聽到暑假將要在大連度過的消息我們非常高興。
Neither of us showed any interesting in the news that John told us yesterday.
定語(yǔ)從句 that 從句說明是怎樣的news,that 在從句中充當(dāng)tell 的賓語(yǔ):
對(duì)約翰昨天告訴的消息我倆都不感興趣。
直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句轉(zhuǎn)述為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)成為一個(gè)由連詞that 【在口語(yǔ)中可省去】引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,同時(shí)原句的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要做相應(yīng)的變化:
1. 人稱的變化,例如:
She said: “my name is Annie”. 她說:“我叫安妮”?!局苯右Z(yǔ)】
She said that her name was Annie. 她說她叫安妮?!鹃g接引語(yǔ)】
He said to me: “you have to improve your working method”.
他對(duì)我說你必須改進(jìn)工作方法?!局苯右Z(yǔ)】
He told me that I have to improve my working method.
他告訴我必須改進(jìn)工作方法。【間接引語(yǔ)】
有時(shí)為了避免含混,需要用具體名詞來代替人稱代詞,例如:
He said: “ he is very clever ”.不可以變成:
He said that he was very clever.
直接引語(yǔ)中的he 不是主句的主語(yǔ)he, 根據(jù)實(shí)際情況在間接引語(yǔ)中可作如下的變換:
He said that peter was very clever.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)到一般過去時(shí),例如:
He said: “I like it very much”.
他說:“我非常喜歡它”。 【直接引語(yǔ)】
He said that he like it very much.
他說他很喜歡它。【間接引語(yǔ)】
但直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理或是陳述一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不變,例如:
The teacher said: “the world is made up of matter”.
老師說:“世界是由物質(zhì)組成的”?!局苯右Z(yǔ)】
The teacher said that the world is made up of matter.
老師說世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。
Tom said: “I go to work in my car everyday”.
湯姆說:“我每天坐我的車上班”?!局苯右Z(yǔ)】
Tom said that he goes to work in his car everyday.
湯姆說他每天坐他的車上班”?!鹃g接引語(yǔ)】
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)為過去進(jìn)行時(shí),例如:
He said: “I’m listening to the weather prediction now.”
他說:“我在聽天氣預(yù)報(bào)”
She said that she was listening to the weather prediction then.
他說他那時(shí)在聽天氣預(yù)報(bào)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)為過去完成時(shí),例如:
He said: “I have finished my homework.”
他說:“我已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了?!?br>
He said that he had finished his homework.
他說他已做完看了作業(yè)。
一般將來時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)為過去將來時(shí),例如:
Linda said: “I will do it after class.”
琳達(dá)說:“這件事我下課后做。”
Linda said that she will do it after class.
琳達(dá)說那件事她下課以后做。 She said:" I will come here this afternoon."
她說:“今天下午我將到那里去?!?br>
She said that she would go there that afternoon.
她說那天下午她將到那里去。
表中的那些變化要根據(jù)具體時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定,不可以機(jī)器的照搬。
如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,"here" 就不必改為 "there","come" 也不必改1 "go" .
如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,"yesterday"和"tomorrow"等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),也不必改變。
例如:
she said:" I'll wait for you here tonight Jane. "
she told Jane that she would wait for here tonight
I don't believe the rumor that he has killed his daughter.
我不相信他殺死了他女兒的謠言。
直接引語(yǔ)如果是疑問句改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),除了要遵守以上的各種變化規(guī)則外,還應(yīng)該把直接引語(yǔ)中的疑問句語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序,句末用句號(hào)
1. 直接引語(yǔ)由一般疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)需要用連接詞whether 或if 將其引出使其成為間接引語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句,如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said 則將其改為asked, 如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后沒有間接賓語(yǔ),可以加上一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)me, him, her, us 等等,例如:
She said: “is your father at hone?” 她問:“你父親在家嗎?”
She asked me whether my father was at home. 她問我的父親是否在家。
He asked me: “are you from Beijing?” 他問我你是北京人嗎?
He asked me whether I was from Beijing. 他問我是不是北京人。
2. 直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橛幸蓡栐~引出的賓語(yǔ)從句,例如:
Mary said: “What do you want, John?”
瑪麗說:“約翰,你要什么?”
Mary asked John what he wanted.
瑪麗問約翰要什么。
He asked me: “where do you live?”
他問我:“你住在哪里?”
He asked me where I lived.
他問我住在哪里。
He asked me: “how much is this computer?”
他問我:“這臺(tái)電腦多少錢?”
He asked me how much that computer was.
他問我那臺(tái)電腦多少錢。
She asked John: “where are you going for your holidays?”
她問約翰: “你要到哪兒去度假?”
She asked John where he was going for his holidays.
她問約翰要到哪兒去度假。 在句中起定語(yǔ)作用,修飾某一個(gè)名詞或代詞,或修飾整個(gè)句子,或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句通常跟在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞引出,因此定語(yǔ)從句又可稱為關(guān)系分句。
關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞:that, which,who,whom,whose 等等.
關(guān)系副詞:when, where,why 等等.
關(guān)系詞既起著聯(lián)系從句和主句的作用,又代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任一定的語(yǔ)法成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。例如:
The woman who is standing by the classroom is our English teacher.
站在教室旁邊的那個(gè)女人是我們的英語(yǔ)老師。