英語語法
(1)句型結(jié)構(gòu)為:there be(is/are)+某物/某人+地點/時間(介詞短語),意為“某處/某地有某人或某物”,表示存在的一種狀態(tài),句中be動詞的選擇由其后面的名詞確定.有兩種句式:
①There is +單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+介詞短語。
②There are +名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式+介詞短語。
③be動詞后面的名詞如果是由and連接的幾個名詞時.be動詞應(yīng)遵循就近原則,即與鄰近名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
(2)there be結(jié)構(gòu)的否定句直接在be動詞后面加not。
(3)there be結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問形式直接把be動詞提前,句末加問號。
肯定回答:Yes,there is/are.
否定回答:No,there isn't/aren't .
-Are there any books about Chinese history? 有關(guān)于中國歷史的書嗎?
-Yes.there are./No,there aren't. 是的,有。/不,沒有。
-Is there a computer in your study? 你的書房有電腦嗎?
-Yes,there is,/No,there isn't. 是的,有。/不,沒有。
(1)針對there be結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞提問,常常用what's+地點狀語,名詞無論是單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式,be動詞都用is,且常省略there。如:
There is a desk in the room. (對畫線部分提問) 房間里有張桌子。
—— What's in the room? 房間里面有什么?
There are (many students) in the classroom.(對括號內(nèi)部分提問) 教室里有許多學(xué)生。
—— ( )?
教室里面有什么?
(2)針對there be結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的數(shù)量提問,用how many或how much提問,后面要緊跟這個名詞 .如:
There' s a coat on the bed(對畫線部分提問) 在床上有一件衣服。
——How many coats are there on the bed? 在床上有多少件衣服?
There' re some meat in the bowl?(對畫線部分提) 在碗里有一些肉。
—— ()?在碗里有多少肉?
there be句型表示“某處/某時有某物或某人”,強調(diào)的是一種客觀存在,但have表示“某人或某物有……”,強調(diào)的是擁有或占有,即某物或某人與主語是所屬關(guān)系,但有時它們也可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。
一般現(xiàn)在時表示:
(1)現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)。Jane is at school.
(2)經(jīng)?;蛄?xí)慣性的動作。I often go to school by bus.
(3)主語具備的性格和能力。He likes playing football.
(4)客觀真理。The earth goes round the sun.
常用的時間狀語:often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等等。
行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時,助動詞是do/don’t和does/doesn’t.
肯定式:I go to school on foot.
否定式:I don’t go to school on foot.
疑問式:Do you go to school on foot? —Yes, I do. —No, I don’t.
肯定式:He goes to work by bus.
否定式:He doesn’t go to work by bus.
疑問式:Does he go to work by bus? —Yes, he does. —No, he doesn’t.
—How do you usually come to school?
—I usually come to school by subway.
—How often do you go to the library?
Once/Twice/Three times a week/Very often/Every day/Seldom
go to…
=on foot= walk to
I often go to school on foot.
=I often walk to school.
go to…by bike = ride a bike to ...
go to…by car = drive a car to ...
go to…by plane = fly to ...
go to…by bus = take a bus to ...
⑴現(xiàn)在進行時表示正在發(fā)生或進行的動作,常與now, at the moment, look, listen等詞語或者短語連用。
⑵結(jié)構(gòu):主語+be(is,am,are)+現(xiàn)在分詞。如:
Mary is having lunch with her parents now. 瑪麗正和她的父母一起吃午餐。
They are doing their homework at home. 他們正在家里做家庭作業(yè)。
現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)的肯定、否定和疑問式
I am running.
You are running.
He/She is running.
I’ m not running.
You aren’ t running.
He/She isn’ t running.
一般疑問句及回答:
—Are you running?
—Yes, I am./—No, I am not.
—Is he/she running?
—Yes, he/she is./ No. he/she isn’ t.
① 一般在詞尾加-ing。 如:drink-drinking
②以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動詞,先去e,再加ing。如: make-making close-closing have-having
③以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞,且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,應(yīng)先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加ing。如:
sit-sitting
begin-beginning
shop-shopping
can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.
(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中)
例如:He must be a man from America.
You must obey the traffic rules.
should應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該(表義務(wù)責(zé)任)/本該(含有責(zé)備意味)
will意愿,決心請求,建議,用在問句中would比較委婉will not/won’t do
數(shù)詞有兩種:
1.表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞,如one,two,three,four等;
2.表示順序的詞叫序數(shù)詞,如first,second,third,fourth等,使用序數(shù)詞時前面必須加the,但之前有this/that /my等限
1.表示時間的介詞用法
(I)in用于一段時間。如年份、季節(jié)、月份等。
如:in 2012在2012 in spring在春季 in February在二月
(2)on用于具體的某一天或某一個特定的上午、下午或晚上。
如:on Saturday 在星期六 on October lst,2012 在2012年10月1日
on a rainy morning在一個下雨天的早晨
(3)at用于具體的時刻。如:at 7:30在7:30
(4)一些固定搭配。如: at night ,at noon , in the morning/afternoon/evening
(1)in意為“在…里”。如:
The boxes are in the drawer.
盒子在抽屜里。
(2)on意為“在…(表面)上”。如:
The fork is on the plate叉在盤子上。
(3)behind意為“在……后面”。如:
What can you see behind the chair?
(4)under意為“在…下”。如:
What's under the bed? 床下面是什么?
(5)near意為“在…附近”。如:
My home is near a bookshop
我家在書店附近。
(6)next to...意為“挨近,靠近”。如:
Who is sitting next to you? 誰坐在你旁邊?
(7)in front of意為“在……前面”。如:
There is a big tree in front of the garage.
在車庫的前面有一棵大樹。
(8)in the center of意為“在……中心”。如:
There is a park in the center of the city. 在城市的中心有一個公園。
(9)on the left/right of意為“在……左邊/右邊”。如:
Tom sits on the left of Jack.湯姆坐在杰克的左邊。
(10)at the back of意為“在……后面”。如:
Who is that boy sitting at the back of the classroom坐在教室后面的男孩是誰?
(l)what意為“什么”。如:
what class什么班級
what time幾點
what color什么顏色
what kind of什么種類的
what day星期幾
(2)which+n.意為“哪一個(些)”。
(3)問方式及狀況:how
問數(shù)量多少:
how many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
how much+不可數(shù)名詞
問多少錢:how much+ -般疑問句
(5)問多長時間或物體有多長:how long
(6)問年齡:how old
(7)問多遠/多高/多寬 how far/high/tall/wide
(8)問原因:why
(9)問地點:where
(10)問何時:when
(11)問是誰who
(1)問路的表達方式:
Is there a... nearby/near here?
Where is...?
Can you tell me the way to...?
Could you tell me how to get to...?
How can I get to:..?
Which is the way to..?
(2)指路的表達方式:
go down/along the street
go straight
tum left/right
on the right/left
There is a... on the left/right
(1)how long意為“多久”,常常對一段時間提問。如:
You can keep the book( for a week).(對括號內(nèi)部分提問)你能借這本書一周。
( ) ?我能借這本書多久?
(2)how far意為“多遠”,常常對表示距離的詞提問。如:
It is (five kilometers) away from here to my school(對畫線部分提問)從這到學(xué)校有5公里遠。
( )?從這兒到你學(xué)校有多遠?
(3)how often意為“多久一次”,常常對表示頻率的詞提問。
表示頻率的詞有:always,never,seldom,often,usually,every day,once/twice a week等。如:He often goes to the park.(對畫線部分提問)他經(jīng)常去公園。
( )?他多久去一次公園?
巧辯異同
a little與little a little“一些”,little“很少,幾乎沒有”,修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
(1) talk“交談”,表示通過談話方式交換意見、消息等。
(2) speak“說話”,強調(diào)開口發(fā)聲,后常接某種語言。
(3) say “說”,強調(diào)所說的話的內(nèi)容。
(4) tell“告訴”,有時兼含“囑咐”“命令”等。
tell a truth說真話,
tell a lie說謊,
tell a story 講故事等固定搭配。
拓展: go+v.-ing 表示去做某事:
go fishing 去釣魚
go shopping 去購物
go boating 去劃船
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