2011屆中考英語(yǔ)專題復(fù)習(xí)十一:短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和句型的考點(diǎn)講解和訓(xùn)練
【考點(diǎn)直擊】
1. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析;
2. 英語(yǔ)句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu);
3. 初中階段主要句型的用法。
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是中考的重要內(nèi)容之一。在初中階段,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了不少短語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞,把他們加以歸納總結(jié),進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)是十分必要的。英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體,其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。
1. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類
(1)動(dòng)詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如:
Don’t laugh at others.
Tom asked his parents for a bike.
(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞
常見(jiàn)的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:
You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don’t forget to hand it in.
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有 go on with, catch up with等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5)動(dòng)詞+形容詞
常見(jiàn)的有leave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6)動(dòng)詞+名詞
常見(jiàn)的有take place, make friends等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
2. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析
(1)be made in(在……生產(chǎn)或制造),be made of(由……組成或構(gòu)成)
(2)come down(下來(lái);落),come along(來(lái);隨同),come to oneself(蘇醒),come true(實(shí)現(xiàn)),come out(花開(kāi);發(fā)芽;出現(xiàn);出來(lái)),come over(過(guò)來(lái);順便來(lái)訪),come in(進(jìn)來(lái)),come on(來(lái)吧;跟著來(lái);趕快), come up with(找到;提出)
(3)do one’s best(盡最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作業(yè)),do some reading(閱讀)
(4)fall asleep(入睡),fall behind(落在…..后面),fall off(從……掉下),fall down(到下;跌倒)
(5)get down(下來(lái);落下),get on(上車),get to(到達(dá)),get up(起床),get back(回來(lái);取回),get off(下來(lái)),get on well with(與……相處融洽),get married(結(jié)婚),get together(相聚)
(6)give up(放棄),give…a hand(給與……幫助),give a concert(開(kāi)音樂(lè)會(huì))
(7)go back(回去),go on(繼續(xù)),go home(回家),go to bed(睡覺(jué)),go over(過(guò)一遍;仔細(xì)檢查),go out(外出;到外面),go wrong(走錯(cuò)路),go on doing(繼續(xù)做某事),go shopping(買東西),go boating(去劃船), go fishing(去釣魚),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go skating(去滑冰),go straight along(沿著……一直往前走)
(8)have a look(看一看), have a seat(坐下), have supper(吃晚餐), have a rest(休息), have sports(進(jìn)行體育活動(dòng)), have a cold(感冒), have a cough(咳嗽), have a good time(過(guò)得愉快), have a headache(頭痛),have a try(嘗
試;努力)
(9)look for(尋找),look out(留神; 注意),look over(仔細(xì)檢查),look up(向上看;抬頭看),look after(照顧; 照看),look at(看; 觀看),look like(看起來(lái)像),look the same(看起來(lái)像),
(10)make friends(交朋友),make phone calls(打電話),make money(賺錢),make the bed(整理床鋪),make a noise(吵鬧),make a faces(做鬼臉),make one’s way to(往……走去),make room for(給……騰出地方),make a decision(做出決定),make a mistake(犯錯(cuò)誤),make up one’s mind(下決心)
(11)put on(上演;穿上;戴上),put up(掛起;舉起),put down(把某物放下來(lái)),put away(把某物收起來(lái)), put off(推遲)
(12)take off(脫掉衣服),take photos(照相),take time(花費(fèi)時(shí)間),take out(取出),take a seat(坐下),take an active part in(積極參加),take care of(照顧;照料;注意),take exercise(做運(yùn)動(dòng)),take one’s place(坐某人的位置;代替某人的職務(wù)),take turn(輪流)
(13)talk about(談話;交談),talk with(和……交談)
(14)turn on(打開(kāi)電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來(lái)水等),turn off(關(guān)上電燈,收音機(jī),煤氣,自來(lái)水等),turn down(關(guān)??;調(diào)低),turn…over(把…..翻過(guò)來(lái))
(15)think of(認(rèn)為;想起),think about(考慮)
3.句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)
根據(jù)句子所用動(dòng)詞的不同,句子可歸納為五個(gè)基本句型。
(1)主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。例如:
My mother is a doctor.
Her voice sounds nice.
(2)主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。例如:
He runs fast.
We study hard.
(3)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。例如:
Children often sing this song.
He studies English.
1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如:
She enjoys reading novels and swimming.
I finished reading the book last night.
2)常用不定式,而不用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如:
Where do wish to sit?
Tom agreed to lend some money.
3)有些及物動(dòng)詞既可用不定式,由可用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),但意義不同。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:remember, forget等。例如:
Please remember to post the letter for me.
請(qǐng)記住替我發(fā)了這封信。
I remember posting the letter.
我記得那封信寄過(guò)了。
Stop的用法同上面的詞相仿,不過(guò)stop后面跟不定式不是作賓語(yǔ),而是作狀語(yǔ)。試比較下列句子:
He stopped to smoke. 他停下來(lái)吸煙。
He stopped smoking. 他停止吸煙了。
4)有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),既可用不定式,又可用-ing形式,意義基本相同。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如:
I like to swim in summer.
I like swimming in summer.
(4)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+ 間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。例如:
My father bought me a new bike.
He gave me an apple.
1)及物動(dòng)詞之后跟有雙賓語(yǔ),往往一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物。指人的為間接賓語(yǔ),
指物的為直接賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下,間接賓語(yǔ)在前,直接賓語(yǔ)在后。如果要
把間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后,間接賓語(yǔ)前需加介詞。例如:
Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.
Show me your new book, please. =Please show your new book to me.
2)把間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后,間接賓前有時(shí)加介詞to, 有時(shí)加介詞for,這主要取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。一般在動(dòng)詞give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在動(dòng)詞buy, make, get等之后加for。例如:
Would you lend me your dictionary, please? =Would you lend your dictionary to me, please?
Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes. =Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him.
(5)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:
We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
I hear someone singing in the next room.
1)及物動(dòng)詞指后跟有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)是賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如:
We call him Jack.
Don’t get your hands dirty.
2)在及物動(dòng)詞之后,用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示
的意思往往不同。用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)指事情的全過(guò)程;用-ing形式作
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)指正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的一部分。例如:
I heard him sing that song. (我聽(tīng)他唱過(guò)那首歌。)
When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.
(我回來(lái)時(shí),聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他正在房間里唱歌。)
3)在感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have等的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)種,不定式須省去to。但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí),省去的to要加上。例如:
I saw him go into the room.
He was seen to go into the room.
4. 初中階段主要句型的用法。
1. It's time to (for) .... 表“時(shí)間到了;該干…的時(shí)間了”之意。
It's time to go home.
It's time for school.
注意:to的后面接動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),而for的后面接名詞。
2. It's bad (good) for ... 表示“對(duì)…有害(有益)的”含義。
Please don't smoke. It's bad for your health.
Please take more exercise. It's good for your health.
3. be late for (school) 是“上學(xué)(遲到)”之意。for后面還可以接meeting或class。
He was late for school this morning.
Don't be late for class, please.
4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。
You had better put on the coat when you go out. It's cold outside.
We had better stop to have a rest.
注意:用had better時(shí),后面一定要直接跟動(dòng)詞原形,決不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞之前,是動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式。
5. be (feel) afraid of ... 表示“恐怕”,“害怕…”之意。
He is afraid of snakes.
Mary feels afraid of going out alone.
6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜歡(愛(ài)好)做某事”之意,doing是動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞enjoy的賓語(yǔ)。enjoy有欣賞之意。
Are you enjoy living in Beijing?
Do you enjoy listening to music?
7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事
stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)做某事
It's time for class. Stop talking, please.
When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me.
8. Let (make) sb. do 讓(使)某人做某事。
Let's go to school.
Father made his son clean the room again.
注意:當(dāng)make sb. do sth. 用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞前面就一定要加to了。如:
His son was made to clean the room again.
he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past.
9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜歡做某事”之意。
like to do sth. 是表示比較具體的喜歡做某事;like doing sth. 是表示寵統(tǒng)的喜歡做某事。如:
I like to swim in the swimming pool.
我喜歡在游泳池中游泳。(喜歡的具體的地方游泳)
I like swimming. 我喜歡游泳(只講喜歡這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng))
10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 請(qǐng)(讓)某人(不)做某事
Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons.
When did you tell him not to shout loudly?
11. give (lend) sb. sth. = give (lend) sth. to sb. 給(借給)某人某物
Mike gave me a new pair of stockings.
Please lend us your car.
12. be busy doing sth. 表示“忙于做某事”之意。
The students are busy getting ready for the exams.
Is Mrs Black busy washing clothes?
13. too ... to ... 表示“太…以致不能…”的含義。
She is too young to go to school.
The old man was too tired to walk farther.
14. not……until …… 是“直……才……”之意。
My daughter didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock last night.
We won't have time to rest until the summer holiday comes.
15. so ……that 是“如此……以致……”的意思。
Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much.
The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it.
16. neither ……nor ……是“既不……也不……”之意。
Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist.
Neither you nor I am free.
17. enough to do sth. 是“足以去做某事”之意。
She is old enough to go to school.
Peter was tall enough to reach the apple.
19. prefer……to ……是“比起來(lái),還是……好,”“喜歡……而不喜歡”之意。
I prefer English to maths = I like English better than maths
He prefers playing football to playing basketball.
20. not ……at all ……是“根本不……”之意。
I don't know Mr. King at all.
David doesn't like singing at all.
21.keep sb. doing sth. 是“使某人繼續(xù)做某事”之意。
Mr. Wang didn't come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours.
Don't keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself.
22. keep sth. + adj. 是“保持某物處于某種狀況”之意。
Please keep our classroom clean and tidy.
That wool sweater kept her body warm enough.
23. see sb. doing sth. 表示“看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事”之意。
When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door.
Did you see a car coming here ?
24. see sb. do sth. 是“看見(jiàn)某人做了某事”之意。
That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday.
Have you seen the leaves drop into the river ?
25. hear sb. doing sth. 是“聽(tīng)到某人正在做某事”之意。
Listen ! Can you hear someone singing on the hill?
We heard him talking with Mr. Li loudly just now.
26. hear sb. do sth. 表示“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)某人做了某事”之意。
He was often heard to sing in his room in the past.
Why didn't you hear me come into the sitting rom ?
27. be used for doing sth. 是“被用來(lái)做某事”的意思。
Knives are used for cutting things.
Teapot is used for keeping tea warm.
28. It's three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米長(zhǎng)(高、寬)形容詞要放在后面作后置定語(yǔ)。句型是It / 主語(yǔ)+ be +數(shù)詞+米/公里+形容詞。
His father is one and seventy metres tall.
That river is fifty metres wide.
29. What's wrong with ......? / What's the problem with ......?/ What's the trouble with ......?/ What's the matter?表示“出了什么毛???”“…哪兒不舒服?”“怎么啦?”的含義。
What's wrong with your car?
What's wrong with you, little girl?
What's the matter with your watch?
30. Would you like (to do) ......? 是“你想要…嗎?”的意思。like后面可以接名詞,詞組或動(dòng)詞不定式。提出一種建議或邀請(qǐng)。
Would you like some fish?
Would you like to go to the cinema with me?
31. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做……嗎?”
Will you please say it more slowly?
Will you please not open the window? I feel cold.
32. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花費(fèi)某人一段時(shí)間”之意。可以用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過(guò)去式和一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expressions.
It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom.
33. I'd like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人來(lái)做某事”之意。
I'd like my friend to help me with my lessons.
He'd like Jim to teach him how to use the computer.
34. There's sth. wrong with ......是“某物/人出了問(wèn)題”,“某物/人有了毛病”之意。
There is something wrong the TV set. = Something is wrong with the TV set.
There must be something wrong with the car. It doesn't move.
35. I don't think that + clause 是“我想…不會(huì)…”“我認(rèn)為…不…”之意。
I don't think that any of the questions is difficult.
We don't think he will have time tomorrow.
36. What about ......? 表示征求意見(jiàn),詢問(wèn)消息,是“…好不好?”“…怎么樣?”之意。
What about some tea?
What about your mother? Is she all right?
37. Why not do ...? 是表示建議,“為什么不……?”之意。
Why not have a rest? You have already worked for four hours.
Why not come to play games with us? =Why don't you come to play games with us?
38. What do you mean by ......? 是“請(qǐng)問(wèn)…是什么意思?”之意。
What do you mean by "scientist", please?
What do you mean by "manager", please?
可以說(shuō)What is the meaning of "manager"?或What does the "manager" mean?
39. You like singing very much. So do I. 你非常喜歡唱歌。我也非常喜歡。
So do I. = I like singing very much, too.
So在句型"so + be (have,助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)中"有“也”,“同樣”的意思,表示前面所說(shuō)的情況,也適合于另一個(gè)人(或物)。
He saw the accident, and so did I.
She can ride a horse, and so can I.
40. It's easy for him to learn English well. 學(xué)好英語(yǔ)對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)很容易。
It's + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事怎么樣”之意。It是代詞作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式(或短語(yǔ)),為避免句子頭重腳輕而將主語(yǔ)放在了后面。
It is dangerous for children to play in the street.
It was easy for her to tidy her room just now.
【實(shí)例解析】
1.When he ________ home, he saw his mother cleaning the room.
A. got up B. got back C. got off D. got on
答案:B。該題考查的是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。根據(jù)題意,空白處所填的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意思應(yīng)該是“回到”,所以選got back。
2.Father is sleeping. You’d better ________ quiet.
A. to keep B. keep C. keeping D. kept
答案:B。該題考查的是常見(jiàn)句型。had better 后接動(dòng)詞原形,所以應(yīng)選keep。
3.---Would you mind _________ my pet dog while I’m away.
---Sure, no problem.
A. setting up B. looking after C. turning down D. keeping out
答案:B。該題考查的是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。根據(jù)題意,空白所填短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意思應(yīng)該是“照看”,所以選B。
4.---Mum, I’m offered 8,000 yuan a month of the job.
---Really? It just sounds ________ to be true.
A. so well B. too good C. good enough D. too well
答案:B。該題考查的是“too…to”句型的應(yīng)用。too good to be true 表示太好了,以至于不會(huì)是真的。
【中考演練】
一. 單項(xiàng)選擇
1. Would you please drive faster ? My flight is _________.
A. taking off B. getting off C. turning off D. putting off
2. On October 15, 2003 China _______ its first man-made spaceship, which made Yang Liwei a hero to many kids.
A. set out B. Set off C. sent up D. sent out
3. ---How is the play going ?
---We are going to _______ the day after tomorrow.
A. put on it B. put it off C. put it on D. put it off
4. Mr Green is busy _______ the newspaper while his wife is busy ______ the housework.
A. reading ; with B. to read ; with C. to read ; doing D. with ; to do
5. We have to _______ our things if we travel on a train or a bus.
A. look at B. look up C.look like D. look after
6. ---If you ______ a new idea, please call me as soon as possible.
--- Sure, I will.
A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with
7. ---Zhou Jielun is so cool. I’m his fan.
---____________.
A. So do I B. So I do C. So am I D. So I am
8. ---Your new sweater looks beautiful. Is it _______ pure wool ?
---Yes, and it’s _______ Inner Mongolia.
A. made by ; made for B. made of ; made by
C. made of ; made in D. Made by ; made from
9. Please _______ the box carefully. It is filled with glasses
A. put down B. put on C. put off D. put together
10. ---________ ! There’s a car coming !
---Oh. Thanks.
A. Look over B. Look up C. Look on D. Look out
11. ---Look! The bus is coming.
---But it’s full of people. We can’t ______ .
A.get off B. get down C. get on with D. get on
12. ---Excuse me. Where’s the Science Museum?
---Take No.3 bus and ______ at the fourth stop.
A. get on B. get off C. get up D. get to
13. It’s very cold today. You’d better put _____ your coat when you go out.
A. away B. down C. on D. up
14. Miss Li told the children to walk one after another. She didn’t want them to ______ in the park
A. get wrong B. get away C. get lost D. get ready
15. The flowers start to _____ in spring.
A. come in B. come out C. come from D. come to
16. Lucy, could you please help me _____ the map on the blackboard?
A. put into B. put up C. put out D. put on
17. “Get a ladder, please. I can’t _____ .” Jim said in a tall tree.
A. come back B. come out C. come down D. come over
18. I have ____ my parents, and now I’m answering it.
A. heard of B. heard from C. heard D. heard about
19. I can’t see the words clearly. Can I _____ the light?
A. turn on B. put off C. hold on D. take off
20. As soon as the man walked into the warm room, he _____ his heavy coat and sat down.
A. took away B. took down C. took off D. took up
二. 用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞填空
1. The bus was very crowded, so she wanted ______ a taxi.
2. She enjoys _______ novels before going to bed.
3. It took him two hours _______ his homework.
4. He has made up his mind _____ hard.
5. Would you like _______ the football match this afternoon?
6. The child stopped ______ and listened to the music.
7. Beethoven taught me ______ the music.
8. Thank you for _______ me to the party.
9. He lost his money, so he asked his friend ______ a train ticket for him.
10. Mark Twain liked to tell funny stories to make people ______ .
三. 完成下列句子
1. 請(qǐng)你把這些花送給她,好嗎?
Will you send ____ _____ _____ ?
2. 你離開(kāi)教室的時(shí)候,不要忘記關(guān)窗戶。
Don’t forget _____ _____ _____ _____ when you leave the classroom.
3. 我到學(xué)校的時(shí)候,聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在唱歌。
When I got to school, I hear ____ _____.
4. 不僅學(xué)生們,而且他們的老師也喜歡那個(gè)電影。
Not only the students but also their teacher _____ _____ ____ .
5. 我們都不喜歡跳舞。
None of us is fond of _________.
6. 我用了兩個(gè)小時(shí)修車。
It _______ me two hours _______ _______ the bike.
7. 直到媽媽回來(lái)時(shí),他才完成作業(yè)。
He ______ finish his homework _______ his mother came back.
8. 他和我都不是老師。
______ he _______ I am a teacher.
9. 他從小就對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)感興趣。
He became ________ in maths when he was ________.
10. 你最好乘火車。
You'd _______ ______ a train.
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.D1 2.B 13.C14.C 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.A 20.C
二. 1.to take 2.reading 3.to do 4.to study 5. to watch 6. playing 7.to play 8.inviting 9.to buy 10.laugh
三. 1.her these flowers 2.to close the windows 3.her singing 4.likes the film 5.dancing 6. took, to mend/ repair/ fix 7. didn’t, until 8. Neither, nor 9. interested, young 10. better, take
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