| 162．涉及主語(yǔ)一致的倒裝
例 In the letter ____ these words，“I love you”．
A．was B．were C．saw D．found
此題應(yīng)選B。選項(xiàng)A，C，D 都有可能被誤選。
對(duì)于此題，考生首先要弄清它是一個(gè)倒裝句，其正常詞序?yàn)椋?/span>
These words“I love you”were in the letter．
為了結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊和平衡，才使用此倒裝句式。又如：
輪船上有2000 余人。
正：On the ship were more than 2000 people．
正：More than 2000 people were on the ship．
值得注意的是，以上這類(lèi)倒裝句，還涉及主謂一致問(wèn)題：
墻后是一些高樹(shù)。
正：Behind the wall are some tall trees．
誤：Behind the wall is some tall trees．
老師四周?chē)恍┠贻p的學(xué)生。
正：Around the teacher were some young students．
誤：Around the teacher was some young students．
這兩座山之間有一個(gè)小村莊。
正：Between the two hills was a small village．
誤：Between the two hills were a small village．
這類(lèi)句子，有的考生之所出錯(cuò)，是因?yàn)樗麄儼丫涫椎慕樵~短語(yǔ)看作主語(yǔ)，從而把謂語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞保持一致。關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題，有個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的方法可以判定：即在英語(yǔ)中介詞短語(yǔ)通常不能作主語(yǔ)，假若一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)位置是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，考生應(yīng)考慮是否是一個(gè)倒裝句。
163．你能理解這個(gè)if not，not 嗎
例 If the weather is fine，we will go．If ____ ， ____ ．
A．not，not B．no，no
C．not，no D．no，not
此題應(yīng)選A。這是一個(gè)省略句，若補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是：
If the weather is fine，we will go．If the weather is NOT fine，we will NOT go．
如果天氣好，我們就去，若天氣不好，我們就不去。
該句的特點(diǎn)是：后句與前句的用詞和句式完全相同，只是前句為肯定，后句為否定，為了簡(jiǎn)潔起見(jiàn)，將后句與前句相同部分省略，只保留否定詞not。類(lèi)似的例子（只保留否定詞not）如：
1．—Can you repair it yourself？你自己會(huì)修嗎？
—I am afraid not．恐怕不行。
（＝I am afraid I can't repair it myself．）
2．—Did you know anything about it？這事你以前知道嗎？
—Not until you told me．你告訴我才知道。
（＝I didn't know anything about it until you told me．）
3．—Will it rain today？今天會(huì)下雨嗎？
—I hope not．希望不會(huì)。
（＝I hope it will not rain today．） 164．由連詞if 構(gòu)成的省略 例 The book is well written and well printed．There are few， if ____ ，mistakes in it． A．any B．some C．other D．another 此題應(yīng)選A。這是一個(gè)省略句，句中的if any＝if there are any（如果有任何錯(cuò)誤的話）。 下面是一些由連詞if 構(gòu)成的省略實(shí)例： 1．There is very little water，if any．即使有水也不多了。 （if any＝if there is any water） 2．Fill in the blanks with a，an，the，if necessary．在必要的地方填上a，an，the。 （if necessary＝if it is necessary） 3．Are you busy this afternoon？If not，I wish you would go with me． 你今天下午忙嗎？要是不忙，我想請(qǐng)你同我一起去。 （if not＝if you are not busy） 4．If possible，I should like to have two copies of it． 可能的話我希望有兩本。（if possible＝if it is possible） 5．If not well managed，irrigation can be harmful． 要是管理不善，灌溉還可能會(huì)有害。（if not well managed＝if it's not well managed） 6．If convenient to you I will come to see you this evening． 要是你方便的話，我今晚來(lái)看你。（if convenient to you＝if it is convenient to you） 165．如何理解這個(gè)if not better than 例 Jim plays football as well as，if ____ than，Mike． A．no better B．not better C．no good D．not good 此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選A。這是一個(gè)省略句，其中的if not better than ＝if he doesn't play football better than。全句意為：吉姆踢足球如果不是比邁克踢得更好，至少也是一樣好。 請(qǐng)做以下類(lèi)似試題： 1．Her pronunciation is as good as，if ____ than，her teacher's． A．no better B．not better C．no good D．not good 2．This bridge is as strong as，if ____ than，that one． A．no stronger B．not stronger C．no strong D．not strong 3．In that business，he earned as much as，if ____ than， ＄4.0000． A．no more B． not more C．no much D．not much 4．He has been to Guilin as many as，if ____ than，ten times． A．no more B． not more C．no much D． not much 答案：1．B 2．B 3．B 4．B 166．如何理解這個(gè)the poor... poorer 例 In some western countnes，the rich are becoming richer，and ____ ． A．the poor the poor B．poor poor C．the poor poorer D．poorer the poor 此題應(yīng)選C。這是一個(gè)省略句，若補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)為：In some western countries，the rich are becoming richer，and the poor are becoming poorer．在有些西方國(guó)家，富人變得更富，而窮人則變得更窮。 前后兩句謂語(yǔ)相同，后句承前省略。類(lèi)似的有： 1．I am a teacher and my sister a nurse． 我是老師，我姐姐是護(hù)士。 （my sister a nurse=my sister is a nurse） 2．John won the first race and Mick the second． 約翰贏了第一場(chǎng)比賽，米克贏了第二場(chǎng)比賽。 （and Mick the second＝and Mick won the second race） 3．In the accident the son was wounded，but the mother killed．在事故中，兒子受傷，母親喪命。 （but the mother killed＝but the mother was killed） 有時(shí)若后句的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)等與前句相同，則可一起省去： 4．He did it and quite successfully too at the beginning． 他這樣做了，而且一開(kāi)始就很成功。 （＝He did it and he did it quite successfully too at the beginning．） 167．由某些狀語(yǔ)從句引出的省略
例 He is a man of few words．He never speaks unless ____ ．
A．speaking B．spoken
C．speaking to D．spoken to
此題應(yīng)選D。這是省略句，補(bǔ)完整為：
He is a man of few words．He never speaks unless he is spoken to．
他是一個(gè)沉默寡言的人，除非別人同他說(shuō)話，否則他從不說(shuō)話。
在英語(yǔ)中，一些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、讓步等的從句，若其主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句謂語(yǔ)包含動(dòng)詞be，那么可將從句的主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be 省略：
You must study hard while（you are）young，or you will regret when
（you are）old．
趁年輕時(shí)要努力學(xué)習(xí)，不然到老了你會(huì)后悔的。
I won't go unless（I am） invited．我不會(huì)去，除非請(qǐng)我。
He worked very hard though（he was）still rather poor in health．
盡管身體還不好，但他仍努力工作。
He will work hard wherever（he is）sent by the Party．
無(wú)論黨把他派往哪里，他都會(huì)努力工作。
While（I was）waiting I was reading some old magazines．
等的時(shí)候我在看一些舊雜志。
If（it is）carefully done，the experiment will be successful．
如果做得仔細(xì)，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)會(huì)成功。
Look out for cars when（you are）crossing the streets．
過(guò)馬路時(shí)要注意汽車(chē)。 |
| 168．這個(gè)to 能省略嗎
例 —Would you like to see the film with me？
—Yes，I'd very much like ____ ．
A．to B．to see C．× D．see
此題應(yīng)選A。該句為省略句，補(bǔ)完整為：
I'd very much like to see the film with you．我很想同你去看電影。
有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞，可以用不定式符號(hào)（to）來(lái)代替不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，但在許多情況下這個(gè)不定式符號(hào)（to）不能省略：
I don't dance much now，but I used to．
我現(xiàn)在不常跳舞，但我過(guò)去常常跳。
He hasn't done the washing，but he's going to．
他還沒(méi)有洗衣服，但他就要去洗了。
Why didn't you come last night？ You were told to．
你昨晚為什么不來(lái)，告訴過(guò)你要來(lái)的吧。
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to．
這個(gè)男孩想要到街上去騎自行車(chē)，但他母親叫他不要去。
A：Is he going to learn to drive？他打算學(xué)開(kāi)車(chē)嗎？
B：He'd be silly not to，wouldn't he？
他要是不學(xué)開(kāi)車(chē)，那他就有點(diǎn)傻，是不是？
I think he should get a job，but you can't force him to．
我想他應(yīng)該找個(gè)工作，但你不能逼他找。
不過(guò)有時(shí)也可將代替不定式的不定式符號(hào)（to）省略：
—Ought he to start now？他現(xiàn)在必須出發(fā)嗎？
—Yes，he ought（ to）．是的，他必須出發(fā)。
169．是反意問(wèn)句還是省略句
例 Many people have become rich by working hard， ____ you？
A．are B．have C．aren't D．haven't
此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選C，D，誤認(rèn)為這是反意疑問(wèn)句。其實(shí)這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)全為：
Many people have become rich by working hard；have you become rich by working hard too？
許多人通過(guò)勤勞致了富，你也通過(guò)勤勞致富了嗎？
又如：
Many young people like the book．Do you？
許多年輕人喜歡這本書(shū)，你喜歡嗎？
He will leave for Japan next week．Will you？
他下星期要去日本，你去嗎？
We all want to attend the meeting；do you？
我們都想?yún)⒓舆@次會(huì)議，你想?yún)⒓訂幔?/span>
以下各句情況也有些類(lèi)似：
1．—I met Mr Smith last Sunday？ 上個(gè)星期天我遇到史密斯先生了。
—Oh，did you？哦，是嗎？
2．—He has come back already？他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了？
—Oh，has he？哦，是嗎？
3．—Soon he will marry jane．他不久將同簡(jiǎn)結(jié)婚。
—Oh，will he？哦，是嗎？
170．這是強(qiáng)調(diào)句嗎
例 It's about half a century ____ _the People's Republic of China was liberated．
A．when B．that C．since D．after
此題應(yīng)選C。容易誤選B。有的考生一見(jiàn)到句首的It's，再一看選項(xiàng)中的that，就馬上聯(lián)想到It is?that 這樣的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，并認(rèn)為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)about half a century，從而毫不猶豫地選了B（that）。
考生可以這樣來(lái)分析：假若這是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，那么此句還原為非強(qiáng)調(diào)句就應(yīng)該是：
The People's Republic of china was liberated over half a century．很顯然，此句中的over half a century 是一段時(shí)間，然而它修飾的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（was）liberated 卻是一個(gè)終止性動(dòng)詞，按此意思則是說(shuō)：“解放中華人民共和國(guó)”這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)了近半個(gè)世紀(jì)，這顯然是荒唐的。
此題應(yīng)選C，這里用的是It is +一段時(shí)間 +since 這一句型。該題句意為“自中華人民共和國(guó)解放以來(lái)，時(shí)間已過(guò)去近半個(gè)世紀(jì)”。此句的主句謂語(yǔ)也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)（has been），但在口語(yǔ)中一般多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替。類(lèi)似的例子有：
It's about ten years since he left here．他離開(kāi)這兒已有10年了。
It's three years since I last saw him．我已有3 年沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到他了。
It has been a long time since I studied English．我很久沒(méi)有學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。
171．because of 之后不能接從句嗎
例 The man was punished ____ what he had done．
A．as B．since C．because D．because of
此題應(yīng)選D。容易誤選C，因?yàn)榘戳?xí)慣思維：because 之后接從句，而because of 之后接名詞或代詞。其實(shí)，because 作為從屬連詞，用以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，其后應(yīng)是一個(gè)不含有引導(dǎo)詞的句子，而不能是what 引導(dǎo)的從句。另一方面，本題中的what he had done＝the thing（s）that he had done。也就是說(shuō)，這個(gè)what從句從本質(zhì)上看它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，所以要選because of。
請(qǐng)看以下類(lèi)似的例子：
She cried because of what you said．她哭是因?yàn)槟阏f(shuō)的話。
He left angrily because of what you said at the meeting．
他生氣地離去，是因?yàn)槟阍跁?huì)上說(shuō)的話。
He was sentenced to death because of what he had stolen from the bank．
他被判處死刑，是因?yàn)樗麖你y行所偷的東西。
注意：若用because，則其后的從句不應(yīng)有引導(dǎo)詞：
Mr Smith couldn't come because he was ill．史密斯先生因病不能來(lái)。
（比較：He couldn't come because of his illness．）
The sports meet was put off because the weather was bad．
運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)因天氣不好而推遲。
（比較：The sports meet was put off because of the bad weather．）
例 If a book is in English， ____ may mean slow progress for you．
A．that B．which C．as D．and it
此題應(yīng)選A。容易誤選B。許多考生一看到空格前的逗號(hào)，就想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從而誤選了B。
考生可以想一想，假若此題選B（which），which 用以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而其前又是一個(gè)以if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，那么請(qǐng)問(wèn)：此句的主句在哪里？
通過(guò)以上分析我們可以知道，既然本句前面有一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，那么后面一句就應(yīng)該是主句。本題選that，即為主句主語(yǔ)，全句意為：
如果一本書(shū)是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的，那就意味著你要讀得慢些。
注意：當(dāng)從句位于主句之前時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要在主句前誤加并列連詞或誤認(rèn)為是某種從句。
請(qǐng)做以下單選題：
1．When he was tired， ____ he had a rest．
A．and B．but C．so D．×
2．Because he got up too late， ____ he missed the train．
A．so B．but C．and D．×
3．Though he is poor， ____ he is happy．
A．and B．so C．but D．×
4．As is known to us all， ____ China was liberated in 1949．
A．and B．but C．which D．×
答案：1．D 2．D 3．D 4．D
173．這個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)詞原形嗎
例 He tried his best and did what he could ____ us．
A．help B．to help C．helping D．helped
此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選A。簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為：在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后永遠(yuǎn)要用動(dòng)詞原形。
其實(shí)這是一個(gè)省略句，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為：
He tried his best and did what he could do to help us．
他竭盡全力，做了他所能做的一切來(lái)幫助我們。
從上句可以看出：句中的不定式（to help us）是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（could）一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。
請(qǐng)比較以下幾句：
1．He ran as fast as he could ____ the early bus．
A．to catch B．catch
C．catching D．caught
2．He ran as fast as he could ____ to catch the early bus．
A．to hope B．hope
C．hoping D．hoped
3．He spent every minute he could ___spoken English．
A．practise B．to practise
C．practising D．practised
第1 題應(yīng)選A。其中的不定式短語(yǔ)to catch the early bus 用作目的狀語(yǔ)。
第2 題應(yīng)選C。其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)hoping to catch the early bus用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
第3 題應(yīng)選C。其中的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)practising spoken English 與spent 有關(guān)（spend[in]doing sth）。
174．這個(gè)介詞后的動(dòng)詞要用-ing 形式嗎
例 The only way that he thought of ____ enough money was to sell
his car．
A．get B．getting C．to get D．got
此題應(yīng)選C。容易誤選B。誤認(rèn)為選getting 用作介詞of 的賓語(yǔ)。
假若選B，那么that he thought of getting enough money 顯然是一個(gè)修飾the only way 的定語(yǔ)從句，由于該定語(yǔ)從句前使用了關(guān)系代詞（that），按照定語(yǔ)從句的規(guī)則，關(guān)系代詞that 一定要在定語(yǔ)從句用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。但是事實(shí)上，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句并不缺少主語(yǔ)（因?yàn)橐延兄髡Z(yǔ)he），也不缺賓語(yǔ)（因?yàn)橐延匈e語(yǔ)getting enough money），可見(jiàn)句子矛盾。
此題應(yīng)選C。句子分析：that he thought of 是修飾the only way的定語(yǔ)從句，而其后的不定式短語(yǔ)to get enough money 也是修飾the only way 的定語(yǔ)。全句意為：他所想到的能弄到足夠錢(qián)的唯一辦法是把他的汽車(chē)賣(mài)掉。
以下各題均不能按常規(guī)思維理解，請(qǐng)你做一做：
1．Every minute should be made full use of ____ our lessons．
A．to study B．study C．studying D．studied
2．I don't know whether the letter we are looking forward to
____ ．
A．came B．has come C．come D．coming
3．It's the very work that I must finish ____ her．
A．to help B．help C．helping D．helped
答案：1．A 2．B 3．A 175．這兩個(gè)all all 能連用嗎
例 He told us ____ he had seen in the accident．
A．all all B．both both
C．that that D．which which
此題應(yīng)選A。容易誤選C。誤認(rèn)為第一個(gè)that 用作賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，第二個(gè)that 在賓語(yǔ)從句中用作seen 的賓語(yǔ)。
大家知道：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句等）的that 在句中是不能充當(dāng)任何句子成分的。所以若選C，將第二個(gè)that 看作是賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞seen 的賓語(yǔ)，這是不成立的。
正確的分析是：此題應(yīng)選A，第一個(gè)all 用作us 的同位語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)all 用作動(dòng)詞told 的直接賓語(yǔ)，其后的that h e had seen in the accident 是用以修飾第二個(gè)all 的定語(yǔ)從句，全句意為：他告訴我們所有的人他在事故所看到的所有情況。有時(shí)命題者故意將幾個(gè)比較特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，通過(guò)某種特殊手段混在一起，主要考察考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合理解能力。請(qǐng)做以下試題（注意分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)）：
1．Would you tell me what subject you were good ____ school？
A．at at B．in in C．for for D．with with
2．The books we ____ nothing to do with this subject．
A．have have B．do do C．read read D．need need
3．Whoever has a strong ____ not leave his work halfway done．
A．shall shall B．will will C ． can can D．may may
答案：1．A 2．A 3．B
176．這里要填形式主語(yǔ)it 嗎
例 ____ is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．
A．He B．She C．It D．What
此題應(yīng)選D。容易誤選C，誤認(rèn)為這里要填形式主語(yǔ)（it）。
其實(shí)本題要選D（what），句首的What is hard 是主語(yǔ)從句，全句意為：難的是一輩子做好事，而不做壞事。
試比較（和本題比較：It is hard 后沒(méi)有is）：
It's hard to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．
要一輩子做好事不做壞事是困難的。
請(qǐng)做以下類(lèi)似試題：
1．a． ____ is difficult to persuade her．
b． ____ is difficult is to persuade her．
A．It，It B．What，What
C．It，What D．What，It
2．a． ____ is useful to drink more milk．
b． ____ is useful is to drink more milk．
A．It，It B．What，What
C．It，What D．What，It
3．a． ____ is interesting to watch children play games．
b． ____ is interesting is to watch children play games．
A．It，It B．What，What
C．It， What D．What，It
4．a． ____ is dangerous to play with fire．
b． ____ is dangerous is to play with fire．
A．It，It B．What，What
C．It，What D．What，It
答案：1．C 2．C 3．C 4．C
177．這個(gè)問(wèn)題你會(huì)回答嗎 例 —What made you so worried？ — ____ ． A．Because I lost my wallet B．As I lost my wallet C．Losing my wallet D．Lost my wallet 此題應(yīng)選C。容易誤選A。 分析：由于問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)詞what 在句中用作主語(yǔ)，所以其相應(yīng)的答語(yǔ)也應(yīng)是能用作主語(yǔ)的成分。答案A，B 錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樗鼈兪窃驙钫Z(yǔ)；答案D 錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)檫^(guò)去分詞不用作主語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)C 正確，因?yàn)閯?dòng)名詞可用作主語(yǔ)。答句其實(shí)是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)完整為：Losing my wallet made me so worried． 在回答特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，要特別注意其疑問(wèn)詞的含義以及它在句中的句法功能；反過(guò)來(lái)，要是根據(jù)答語(yǔ)選擇疑問(wèn)詞，也要注意其對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系： 1．— ____ does he come to see you？—Once a week． A．How long B．How often C．How soon D．How much 2．—How long has he lived here？ — ____ he was a child． A．After B．Before C．Since D．When 3．— ____ is the capital of China？—Beijing is． A．Where B．What C．Which D．How 答案：1．B 2．C 3．B 178．是such as 還是such that
例 He's such a good teacher ____ we all love and respect．
A．that B．as C．who D．so
此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選A。主是是受句子意思的影響以及受such…that 這一固定句式的影響。假若選A，構(gòu)成的是such?that 句式，that 引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，且按照語(yǔ)法規(guī)定，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的that 不充當(dāng)句子成分，所以從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞love and respect 缺賓語(yǔ)，因此選A 不成立。
正確分析：此題選B，構(gòu)成such?as 結(jié)構(gòu)（意為“像這樣的”），as 用以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句（as 為關(guān)系代詞），且as 在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分（賓語(yǔ)）。比較：
a．He's such a good teacher that we all love and respect him．
他是那樣一位好老師，我們大家都熱愛(ài)和尊敬他。
b．He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect．
他是一位我們大家都熱愛(ài)和尊敬的好老師。
比較并選擇：
1．a．It is such an interesting book ____ we all want to read twice．
b．It is such an interesting book ____ we all want to read it twice．
A．as，as B．that，that
C．as，that D．that，as
2．I have never heard such stories ____ he tells．
A．as B．that
C．which D．what
答案：1．C 2．A
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