一、重點詞匯講解 1. raise v. 籌集；提升；增加 第三人稱單數：raises 過去式：raised 過去分詞：raised 現在分詞：raising 搭配：raise money 籌款；raise money for … 為……籌款 raise one’s voice 提高嗓門； 例如：They raised money for homeless people. raise price 提高價格；raise one’s spirits 打起精神 raise = keep 有“飼養(yǎng)，撫養(yǎng)”的意思，如： raise cattle = keep cattle（飼養(yǎng)牲口）和raise children（撫養(yǎng)孩子） 辨析：raise, rise(rise--rose--risen)的區(qū)別 (1) 這兩個詞都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。 raise是及物動詞，其主語通常是人；而rise是不及物動詞，其主語通常是物。例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太陽升起，普照大地。 Bath n. 沐浴，浴室 bathe v. 沐浴，洗，（光線）充滿 (2) raise和rise用于同一事物時含義不同。例如： The price of TV sets has been raised recently. 最近電視機提價了。（政府或廠家主動行動） The price of TV sets has risen recently. 最近電視機提價了。（市場調節(jié)） 2. permission n. = agreement 準許；批準 搭配：Ask permission 報請批準 Write a letter to the head teacher to to raise money. 給校長寫一封信請求允許籌錢。 同根詞：permit v. = allow you to do it 許可，準許；默許 The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder. 知識拓展： (1) 表示請求某人允許自己做某事，通常與動詞ask, ask for, request連用。 She asked for permission to leave work early.她請求許可早點下班。 (2) 表示允許某人做某事，通常與動詞give連用。 Who gave you permission to come here? 誰準許你到這里來的 (3)表示不允許某人做某事，通常與動詞refuse/ deny 連用。 The school has been refused permission to expand.學校擴充未得到允許 3. disabled adj. 喪失能力的；有殘疾的 I taught disabled children to sing. 我教殘疾的孩子唱歌。 同根詞：disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使殘廢，使傷殘 He is disabled from voting. 他失去了選舉資格。 enable v. [?n'e?b(?)l] = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能夠做某事 The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early. 新的檢測手段應該能夠使醫(yī)生們盡早查出這種疾病。 搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 學習障礙 4. offer v. = be willing to do something 主動提出 搭配： offer to do sth. 主動提出去做某事，愿意做某事 Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主動提出教他們滑水。 搭配：offer one’s hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb. sth. 為某人提供某物 They have offered me a large sum of money to go away. 他們曾為我提供一大筆搬遷費 辨析：provide, offer的區(qū)別： provide用于表示無主動慷慨之意地為人或物提供需要或有用的東西，僅僅是出于某種責任，強調提供必須用的東西，尤其是生活用品,多數情況是免費的。常用于provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。 offer表示主動提供服務、工作等，對方可以接受，也可以不接受。常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。 例如：offer sb.主動提出幫助某人；offer sb. a good salary 給某人一個好工資。 Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing. 她總算設法使她的孩子有飯吃，有衣穿。 He offered me a glass of wine. = He offered a glass of wine to me. 他端給我一杯酒。 5. illness n. （某種）病 The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。 同根詞：ill adj. 有病的 （比較級：worse, 最高級：worst） 辨析：ill, illness, sick的區(qū)別： illness是ill的名詞形式，是可數名詞。 ill和sick都有“生病的；有病的”之意，但用法并不完全相同。 ill表示“生病的；有病的”這一意思時，一般用作表語，不能作定語； sick既可以作表語又可以作定語，如“病人”可以說a sick man或the sick, 但不能說an ill man或the ill。例如： She is ill/sick in bed. 她臥病在床。 She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顧她生病的父親。 sick 有“惡心的；厭倦的”之意。例如：The smell makes me sick. 這氣味使我感到惡心。 ill作定語修飾名詞時是“壞的；邪惡的”之意。例如： He is an ill man. 他是一個邪惡的人。 一言辨異：Although I am ill, I have to look after my sick sister at home today. Because of illness, she can’t go to school.盡管我病了，但是今天我必須在家照看我生病的妹妹。因為疾病，她沒有去上學。 6. organize v. 組織 In the end, we all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 最終，我們一致決定組織一場復活節(jié)音樂會。 同根詞：organization n. 組織；機構 organizer n. 組織者organized adj. 有組織的 What do you know about our organization? 關于我們的組織你知道些什么？ Students need organized activities. 學生們需要有組織的活動。 Who is the organizer of the exhibition? 誰是這次展覽會的組織者？ 7. express v. 表達；表露 This helps them express their feelings. 這有助于他們表達他們的情感。 同根詞：expression n. 表現，表示，表達；表情 She gave expression to her sadness. 她流露出了悲傷之情。 8. lonely adj. 孤獨的；寂寞的；荒涼的 （比較級：lonelier最高級：loneliest） It felt like the loneliest place in the world. 感覺這就像是天底下最荒涼的地方。 辨析：lonely, alone的區(qū)別： alone為形容詞，意為“單獨的”，只作表語，不能作定語。側重說明獨自一人，沒有助手或同伴，沒有感情色彩的只表示客觀的狀態(tài)。 lonely意為“孤獨的”，表示主觀上感到孤獨、寂寞，有較濃的感情色彩，指因缺少朋友、同情、友誼等產生的一種悲傷和憂郁的感情。它為形容詞，在句中作表語或定語。作定語時，意為“荒涼；偏僻”，多修飾表示地點的名詞。 alone還可以作副詞。 alone adv. 單獨；獨自 She went home alone.= She went home by herself. 她獨自回家去了。 The old man lives in a lonely town, he lives alone but he does’t feel lonely. 這位老人住在偏僻的鎮(zhèn)上，他獨自一人住著，但他并不感到孤獨。 一言辯異: I didn’t feel lonely though I was alone. 我雖孤身一人，但并不感到寂寞。 9. friendship n. 友情；友誼 同根詞：friend n. 朋友 復數：friends. True friendship is worth more than money. 真正的友誼比金錢更有價值。 friendly adj. 友好的 Robert has a friendly relationship with his customers. 羅伯特和他的客戶之間關系處得很好。 friendliness n. 友善 She also loves the friendliness of the people. 她也喜歡人們的友善。 10. difficulty n. = be not able to do something easily 困難；費勁 The country is facing great economic difficulties. 該國正面臨巨大的經濟困難。 同根詞：difficult adj. = hard to do 困難的 The child is going through a difficult phase. 那孩子正經歷困難的階段。 It’s difficult for me. 對我來說這很難。 搭配：have difficulty (in) doing something 做……有困難 I had no difficulty (in) making myself understood. 我毫不費力地表達了自己的意思。 in difficulty/difficulties 處境困難 The bank is in difficulty/difficulties. 這家銀行處境困難。 11. joy n. = a feeling of great happiness 愉快；喜悅 I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace. 我教他們唱歌，因為音樂能帶給他們喜悅與寧靜。 同根詞：joyful n. 快樂的，高興的；令人開心的，使人喜悅的 He was excited and joyful at the success. 他因成功而激動欣喜。 搭配：to one’s joy 令人高興的是，使某人高興的是 To her joy her son was permitted to a key university. 12. peace n. 平靜；寧靜 the Nobel Peace Prize 諾貝爾和平獎 One more question and I’ll leave you in peace. 再問一個問題，我就不打擾你了。 同根詞：peaceful adj. 和平的；愛好和平的；安靜的；平靜的 Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 鄉(xiāng)村里的今晚是平靜安謐的時刻。 13. hurt v. = injure ['?nd??] 使疼痛；受傷 Tim hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage. 提姆在一次事故中傷了腿，但他很勇敢。 同根詞：hurt adj. 受傷的；痛苦的；（受）損壞的 They did not seem to be badly hurt. 他們看起來沒有受重傷。 搭配：hurt oneself 自己受傷 Have you hurt yourself? 你傷著自己了嗎？ 注意：身體傷害重用badly修飾。精神、感情受到創(chuàng)傷用 very much/ rather/ deeply修飾 The driver hurt himself badly in the accident. 那位司機在事故中傷得很重。 Your words deeply hurt her. 你的話深深地傷害了她。 14. courage n. 勇氣；勇敢 同根詞：encourage v. 鼓勵，鼓舞；支持；促進；鼓動 My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud. 我的英語老師常常鼓勵我們大聲讀英語。 搭配：take one’s courage in both hands 鼓起勇氣去做；敢作敢為 gather courage鼓足勇氣 lose courage 失去勇氣 Taking her courage in both hands, she opened the door and walked in. 她壯著膽打開門，走了進去。 Failure is the mother of success. Keep up your courage.失敗是成功之母。鼓起你的勇氣來。 15. Spirits n. 情緒，心境 他回到家里是情緒非常好。He felt in excellent spirits when he arrived home. Spirit n. 精神，勇氣，意志。 盡管他已經不再人世，但他的精神卻至今還在。Even though he is no longer living, his spirit lives on today. 固定搭配：in spirit 在心里， 在精神上 16. pay v. 付款；償還 We paid 35 pounds for each ticket. 我們每張票付了35英鎊。 同根詞：pay n. 工資；薪水；報答 They complained about their pay and conditions. 他們抱怨他們的薪水和工作條件。 搭配：pay off 償清（債務）；支付（債務）的全部數額 pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去參觀，拜訪 pay for 為……付款 辨析：take, spend, cost和pay的用法區(qū)別： 總結： take一般用it作主語，例如：it takes sb. sometime to do sth. spend一般是人作主語，例如：I spend an hour finishing my homework. cost表示某物值什么的（價值或錢），例如：The book cost 200 yuan. pay一般是人作主語，例如：I pay lots of money for books. spend的主語必須是人，常用于以下結構： (1)spend time/money on sth. 在……上花費時間（金錢）。例如： I spent two hours on this math problem. 這道數學題花了我兩個小時。 (2)spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花費時間（金錢）做某事。例如： They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造這座橋花了他們兩年時間。 (3)spend money for sth. 花錢買…… 例如： His money was spent for books. 他的錢用來買書了。 cost的主語是物或某種活動，還可以表示“值”，常見用法如下： (1)sth. costs (sb.) + 金錢，某物花了（某人）多少錢。例如： A new computer costs a lot of money. (2)(doing) sth. costs (sb.) + 時間，某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少時間。例如： Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量時間才記住了這些單詞。 注意：cost的過去式及過去分詞都是cost，并且不能用于被動句。 take后面常跟雙賓語，常見用法有以下幾種： (1)It takes sb. + 時間 + to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少時間。例如： It took them three years to build this road. 他們用三年時間修完了這條路。 (2)doing sth. takes sb. + 時間，做某事花了某人多少時間。例如： Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修車。 pay的基本用法是： (1)pay (sb.) money for sth.付錢（給某人）買…… 例如： I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每個月要付20英鎊的房租。 (2)pay for sth. 付……的錢 例如： I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不賠丟失的書款。 (3)pay for sb. 替某人付錢 例如： Don’t worry! I’ll pay for you. 別擔心，我會給你付錢的。 (4)pay sb. 付錢給某人 例如： They pay us every month. 他們每月給我們報酬。 (5)pay money back 還錢 例如： May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I’ll pay it back next week. (6)pay off one’s money 還清錢。 17. voluntary adj.自愿的；志愿的 He made a voluntary statement to the police. 他自愿為警方作供。 18. be used for doing 被用來做（某事） be used to do 被用來去做`````` be used as 把······用作，被用來當作······ be used by (某物)被某人使用，by后接動詞的執(zhí)行者 **be used to (doing) sth. 習慣于（做某事） **used to do sth. 過去常常做某事 This medicine is used for curing cancer. 這種藥物是用于治療癌癥的。 Clothes are used to keep warm. 衣服是用來保暖的。 The box is used as a table. 這個箱子被當作桌子用。 This car is used by Mr. Li.這是李先生的專用轎車。 My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸習慣于早起。 I used to dance after school. 我過去常常放學后跳舞。 In the past, people used to use horses as their transport. 過去人們常常使用馬匹作為他們的交通工具。 19. since then 自從那時起 l 自從5點開始他就在等了。 l He has waited since 5 o’clock. l 陳先生自從2歲起就住在這兒。 l Mr. Chen has lived here since 2 years old. l 我們自從七年前開始就學習英語了。 l We have learned English since 7 years ago. Grammar 動詞不定式 （1）基本形式： to+動詞原形 （在某些情況下可以不帶 to） （2）特點 ： A .沒有人稱和數的變化 B .可以有自己的賓語和狀語 C .有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化（被動語態(tài)的形式為 to be + 動詞過去分詞） D.動詞不定式的否定式直接在不定式的前面加not. （3）動詞不定式用法 A、作主語 動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數，其位置有以下兩種： (1) 把不定式置于句首。 如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. To learn a foreign language is not easy. = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. (2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。 It is good to help others. 幫助他人是件好事?！?/span> It is exciting to surf the Internet. 上網是件令人興奮的事。 B、作表語 （表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞的-ing、從句來充當，它常位于系動詞（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞）之后。如果句子的表語也是由一個句子充當的，那么這個充當表語的句子就叫做表語從句） The important thing is to finish the work on time. (完成工作) What you have to do now is to clean the classroom. (打掃教室). C 作賓語 1) 動詞 + to do 常見動詞有 agree, choose, decide, forget, fail, go on, learn, hope, mean (意味；想要) need, offer, plan, regret, require, remember, seem, stop, try, wish, want等 [注意]：部分動詞后接不定式與接動名詞的含義不同。如stop, forget, remember 1. He decided to buy (buy) the camera. 2. I want to listen to (listen to) some music after class. 3. I hope to travel (travel) all over the world one day. 2) 動詞+疑問代（副）詞 + to do I don’t know what to do. （做什么） how to do it / that. （怎么做） where to go (去哪里) when to leave (什么時候出發(fā)) Which one to choose (選擇哪個) 例：I haven’t decided when to take a holiday yet. A. took B. taking C. to take D.take 3) 動詞 + it(形式賓語）+賓補 +to do I find it important to learn English 我發(fā)現很難和他好好相處. I find it hard to get on well with him. 我發(fā)現在炎熱的夏天很容易入睡. I find it easy to fall asleep in hot summer. 動詞不定式做賓補 1) 動詞 + 賓語 +to do Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary. 注：有以上結構的常用動詞有 tell. wish, ask, want，like, beg(請求), invite（邀請）, warn（警告，提醒）, allow, encourage, advise 等。 2) 動詞 + 賓語 + do (不帶 to 的不定式) 注：常用的動詞是:感官動詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役動詞 have ,make, let.（如果將其改成被動語態(tài)，必須將不定式符號to還原。） 例：Colors can change our moods(情緒) and make us feel happy or sad. A. Feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling 固定搭配：make sb. do sth. E、作狀語（可以表目的、表結果、表原因）。為了強調目的， 有時可以把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前面加in order to…或so as not to… I came here to tell you good news. ( 告訴你一個好消息) She stydied hard to pass the exam.她刻苦學習，以便通過考試。 F、作定語 （必須后置） 我們每天有很多作業(yè)要做. We have a lot of homework to do every day. 我有個好消息要告訴你. I have good news to tell you. 不帶to的不定式結構 以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動詞不定式: 1.在固定詞組had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。例如: You had better go home now.你最好現在回家。 It's cold outside. You'd better not go out.外面很冷,你最好不要出去。 2.will (would) you please之后動詞不定式不帶to. Would you please say it again more slowly? 請你再慢慢說它一下好嗎？ 2.在感官動詞see, watch, feel, hear, look at, listen to和使役動詞have, make,let后要跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。例如: I made them give me the money back.我迫使他們把錢還給我。 I didn't see you come in.我沒看見你進來。 3.在引導疑問句的why not之后。 'Why not+不帶to的不定式'是Why don't you do…的省略,可以用來提出建議或勸告。 在動詞help之后做賓語或賓語補足語的不定式，to可省略也可保留。 Will you help me (to) move the table? 請幫我搬一下桌子好嗎？ 當but, except, besides之前有一個實義動詞時，這個介詞之后的動詞不定式不帶to. What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳，你還愛好什么？ Quiz 1. The workers want us ______ together with them. I really don’t know _________. A. where to choose B. which to choose 3. The teacher told them ____make so much noise. 4.He gave us some advice on how____ English. A. learning B . learned C. to learn D . learn 5.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something ________. A .drunk B .to drink C .to be drunk D .for drinking 6.Tom is the first _____ to school. A . get B . to get C. getting D . Got 7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. 8. I saw him _______ out of the room. 9.---_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121. ---OK, I will. Thank you. A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known 10.We must do everything we can ____ waste water from running into rivers. A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping 11.Let’s ____ play in the street. Father tells me __ do so. A. not to；not to B. not；not to C. don’t；to not D. not to；don’t 12.When I came into the room, he pretended ____ his homework. A. to do B. be doing C. doing D. to be doing gather ['g?e?] vt. 收集；收割
since I was born 自從我出生時
since+ 時間點（用于完成時）
A. work B. working C. to work D. worked
2. There isn’t any difference between the two.
C. to choose what D. to choose which
A. don’t B. not C. will not D. not to
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
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