第一步:根據(jù)非謂語形式在句中可作的成分來分析空白處可填入的非謂語形式,看能否在不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞幾個(gè)形式之間先排除一個(gè)或幾個(gè)。
非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可作成分一覽表
| 主語 | 賓語 | 表語 | 定語 | 狀語 | 賓補(bǔ) |
不定式 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
分詞 |
|
| √ | √ | √ | √ |
動(dòng)名詞 | √ | √ | √ | √ |
|
|
注:1).theÇ分詞也可用作主語和賓語;
2).現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不作定語。
1.非謂語形式作主語或賓語時(shí),除“theÇ分詞”外一般只能用不定式或動(dòng)名詞。其中不定式作介詞的賓語時(shí)要使用“特殊疑問詞Ç不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2.作狀語時(shí),不定式表示目的以及so/as¼to do和(only)to do中的結(jié)果狀語,其它狀語都用分詞來表示。
例如:1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
(“非謂語Ç主句”模式中,非謂語在句首而且由逗號(hào)與主句隔開,此句中的不定式只作目的狀語;此時(shí)的分詞表示時(shí)間、原因或條件狀語,有時(shí)分詞前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等連詞,如:①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.)
2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.
(不定式在句中作目的狀語時(shí)它前面不能用逗號(hào))
3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.
(不定式在主句之后,又有逗號(hào)與主句隔開時(shí)常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主語意料的結(jié)果)
第二步:在第一步的基礎(chǔ)上從非謂語的主被動(dòng)形式這個(gè)角度進(jìn)行篩選。
1.非謂語用作主語或狀語時(shí),一般根據(jù)它們的邏輯主語來判斷主被動(dòng)形式的選用;若無邏輯主語,則以主句主語為判斷對(duì)象。
例如:1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
(作狀語的分詞邏輯主語和主句主語相同時(shí),邏輯主語常省去)
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
(不帶邏輯主語的不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí),通??醋鞯谝蝗朔Q的邏輯主語省略)
注意以下特殊情況中非謂語一律用主動(dòng)式:
①主語Ç系動(dòng)詞Ç形容詞Ç不定式
②need/want/require(需要) Çdoing
③be worth doing
2.作賓語或表語時(shí),要根據(jù)主句主語來分析主被動(dòng)形式。
例如:1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.
3.作定語時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)被修飾詞來選用主被動(dòng)形式。
例如:1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?
(當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)了作定語的不定式動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用主動(dòng)式,否則用被動(dòng)式)
4.作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語主被動(dòng)形式要根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語的關(guān)系來確定。
例如:1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步:經(jīng)過第一、二兩步分析仍未能作出最后選擇時(shí),可能會(huì)剩下不定式和分詞內(nèi)部不同的式之間的選擇,即非謂語的“時(shí)態(tài)”,這時(shí)可通過比較非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的先后來判別。
1.不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
①表示非謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在謂語之后;
例如:1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
②表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的一個(gè)全過程動(dòng)作或謂語當(dāng)時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)。
例如:4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2.不定式的進(jìn)行式to be doing 和現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式doing/being done只用來表示非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如:1).The secretary worked late into the night,preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3.不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having done/having been done均表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。
例如:1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4.詞常表示發(fā)生在謂語之前而及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞則可以指發(fā)生在謂語之前或與謂語同時(shí)的狀態(tài)。
例如:1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非謂語形式正確而詞義仍不同者則需從句義來考慮。
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