導(dǎo)讀：為什么鋼琴有88個(gè)琴鍵？也許你還沒(méi)思索過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上鋼琴一開(kāi)始還是大鍵琴（Harpsichord）的時(shí)候只有60個(gè)琴鍵（黑白各一半），隨著樂(lè)曲難度的提高和音樂(lè)性的豐富原來(lái)的琴鍵數(shù)無(wú)法滿足要求，進(jìn)而逐漸增長(zhǎng)到88鍵，由于人耳聽(tīng)力范圍的限制，增長(zhǎng)到這個(gè)數(shù)目就停止了，另外一個(gè)影響因素是“8度音”傳統(tǒng)的60鍵鋼琴只包含了5個(gè)八度音……
Why do pianos have 88 keys?
為什么鋼琴有88個(gè)鍵？
By Maddy Shaw Roberts
A standard piano has 88 keys: 52 white and 36 black. But who decided this number would be the norm, and why?Before the piano was invented, composers wrote a lot of music for the harpsichord, which has just 60 keys. This meant that everything they wrote was limited to the harpsichord’s five-octave range.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼琴有88個(gè)琴鍵：52個(gè)白鍵和36個(gè)黑鍵。然而，是誰(shuí)，又是因何種原因，將88這個(gè)數(shù)字定為鋼琴的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鍵數(shù)呢？在發(fā)明鋼琴之前，作曲家們?yōu)?6鍵的羽管鍵琴創(chuàng)作了許多作品。 這意味著他們所有的創(chuàng)作都受限于羽管鍵琴五個(gè)八度的音域。
Then, the first piano was invented
隨后，第一架鋼琴誕生了
Around the year 1700, Bartolomeo Cristofori, a musical instrument technician from Padua, Italy, decided it was time to update the harpsichord – and he came up with a new keyboard instrument with a hammer mechanism.
大約在1700年，來(lái)自意大利帕多瓦的樂(lè)器制造師巴托羅密歐·克里斯多佛利（Bartolomeo Cristofori）認(rèn)為是時(shí)候?qū)⒂鸸苕I琴“升級(jí)”一下了——他設(shè)想出一種帶有錘擊裝置的新型鍵盤樂(lè)器。
Cristofori was hired by the Florentine court of Grand Prince Ferdinando de’ Medici in 1688 to look after their harpsichords and, eventually, other instruments.A 1700 inventory of Medici instruments mentions an ‘a(chǎn)rpicimbalo’ (lit. an instrument resembling a harpsichord) invented by Cristofori. The instrument had a brand-new hammer and damper mechanism, two keyboards and a range of four octaves (49 keys).Poet and journalist Scipione Maffei described it in 1711 as a ‘gravicembalo col piano, e forte’ (harpsichord with quiet and loud). It was here that the ‘pianoforte’ found its name.
1688年，克里斯多佛利被佛羅倫薩宮廷的費(fèi)迪南多·德·美第奇親王（Ferdinando de'Medici）雇傭。他負(fù)責(zé)照管親王的羽管鍵琴，后又兼管其他樂(lè)器。在美第奇家族1700年的樂(lè)器庫(kù)存清單中，提到了由克里斯多佛利發(fā)明的“arpicimbalo”（文獻(xiàn)：一種類似羽管鍵琴的樂(lè)器）。 這種樂(lè)器有一套全新的錘擊和制音裝置、雙排鍵，4個(gè)八度的音域（49鍵）。詩(shī)人兼記者的西皮奧內(nèi)·馬菲在1711年把這種樂(lè)器描述為“gravicembalo col piano，e forte”（可弱可強(qiáng)的羽管鍵琴）。 “可弱可強(qiáng)”正是鋼琴（“pianoforte”）名字的由來(lái)。
Piano, made by Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731).
由克里斯多佛利制造的鋼琴
After Cristofori’s invention, composers started writing more and more music for the piano. But the instrument’s four-octave range was limiting.So, piano manufacturers designed new pianos with more keys, so that composers like Haydn and Mozart could write more interesting material with a wider range.By the time Romantic composers like Chopin and Liszt were writing music in the mid-1800s, pianos had up to seven octaves. This meant they could compose pieces with a crazy range, like this mad piece by Liszt:
在克里斯多佛利發(fā)明arpicimbalo之后，作曲家們開(kāi)始為其譜寫越來(lái)越多的作品。但是，這種樂(lè)器4個(gè)八度的音域限制了作曲家們的發(fā)揮。于是，鋼琴制造商們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了按鍵更多的新款鋼琴。如此一來(lái)，像海頓和莫扎特這樣的作曲家，就能在更廣的音域內(nèi)，創(chuàng)作更多有趣的曲目。在19世紀(jì)中期，當(dāng)像肖邦和李斯特這樣的浪漫主義作曲家創(chuàng)作音樂(lè)時(shí)，鋼琴的音域達(dá)到了7個(gè)八度。 這意味著他們可以創(chuàng)作音域跨度極大的作品，比如這部李斯特的“癲瘋”之作：
Steinway created the 88-key piano
88鍵的鋼琴由施坦威首創(chuàng)
In the late 1880s, piano manufacturer Steinway created the 88-key piano. Other manufacturers followed suit, and Steinway’s model has been the standard ever since.An 88-key piano has seven octaves plus three lower notes (B, B flat and A) below the bottom C.It has 52 white keys and 36 black keys (sharps and flats), with each octave made up of seven white keys and five black keys.
19世紀(jì)80年代后期，鋼琴制造商施坦威（Steinway）首創(chuàng)了88鍵的鋼琴。 其他鋼琴制造商也紛紛效仿，施坦威的鋼琴模型自此成為制造鋼琴的標(biāo)桿。88鍵的鋼琴包含了7個(gè)完整的八度音階，外加最低的C音下方3個(gè)更低的音（B、降B和A）。共有52個(gè)白鍵和36個(gè)黑鍵（升、降變化音級(jí)），每個(gè)八度由7個(gè)白鍵和5個(gè)黑鍵組成。
Steinway & Sons piano.
施坦威公司制造的鋼琴
Why did piano manufacturers stop at 88 keys?Today’s composers usually write piano music that fits within the range of an 88-key model. Most piano makers also accept this as the limit, because anything outside is considered too high or low for the human ear.But there are a few exceptions. For example, there’s a 102-key Stuart and Sons piano, which costs around ￡220,000.
為什么鋼琴制造商止于88鍵？當(dāng)代作曲家們創(chuàng)作的鋼琴作品，通常都在88鍵鋼琴的音域內(nèi)。 大多數(shù)鋼琴制琴商也都接受了這一音域限制，因?yàn)閷?duì)于人耳而言，超出這一范圍的音都過(guò)高或過(guò)低了。但也有一些例外。 例如，斯圖拉特公司（Stuart and Sons）制造過(guò)一架102鍵的鋼琴，售價(jià)約為22萬(wàn)英鎊。
92-key B?sendorfer piano.
92鍵的貝森朵夫鋼琴
Plus, B?sendorfer sells 92-key pianos, whose four extra keys are coloured black, so the pianist can distinguish them from the standard 88. The keys are rarely used, but the extra bass strings add harmonic resonance that contributes to the rich, overall sound of the instrument.Here’s what they look like on the rather grand B?sendorfer semi-concert grand piano。
此外，貝森朵夫公司（B?sendorfer）售賣著一款92鍵的鋼琴。這款鋼琴中，4個(gè)外加的琴鍵被涂成了黑色，這樣鋼琴家就能將它們與88個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鍵區(qū)分開(kāi)。這4個(gè)外加的琴鍵雖然很少被使用，但額外的低音琴弦增強(qiáng)了諧音共振，有助于豐富樂(lè)器的整體音響。在相當(dāng)霸氣的貝森朵夫半音樂(lè)會(huì)（semi–concert是三角鋼琴的尺寸，一般concert的尺寸是9'以上，semi–concert的尺寸在5'9'-7'6'之間）三角鋼琴上，這4個(gè)外加的琴鍵是這樣的。
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