一.非謂語動詞作狀語
不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語的比較
1、不定式作目的、原因、結(jié)果狀語
1)作目的狀語:有三種形式,可互換:to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)
2)作原因狀語:不定式常放在表示情緒反應(yīng)的形容詞后。如:happy, sorry, glad, sad, surprised, disappointed… 不定式不放在句首。
3) 作結(jié)果狀語: 不定式作結(jié)果狀語通常表意外的結(jié)果。
e.g. I opened the door to find the room empty. 我打開門,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)房間是空的。
①. 動詞不定式前可以加上only, 更加強(qiáng)調(diào)'意外,想不到'。還可加never, 表示
'沒有再…
②. 動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語的其他幾種方式: so + adj. / adv. + as to, such + n. + as to,
too…to , enough to等。
2、分詞 (現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)可作時(shí)間、條件、讓步、方式、原因、結(jié)果狀語,就不作目的狀語。注:表示時(shí)間、條件或讓步的分詞,有時(shí)可帶上連詞(if, unless, when, while, once(一旦) though, although)
即:尋找句子主語 琢磨主語與非謂語動詞的關(guān)系,主動doing, 被動done ,先于謂語動詞用having done/having been done
非謂語動詞中兩種結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別:
①to do 作結(jié)果狀語表出乎意料
②doing 作結(jié)果狀語表順其自然
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.
二、非謂語動詞作定語
非謂語動詞做定語有以下幾種形式;
doing 1、作動名詞講時(shí)做定語表示用途。比如、living room, swimming pool.
2、作現(xiàn)在分詞講時(shí),所修飾名詞或代詞與其是一種主謂(主動)關(guān)系,有時(shí)還表進(jìn)行。如; falling leaves
done(過去分詞)表示被動(與所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系)或完成。如;fallen leaves
being done現(xiàn)在分詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu),表是正在被……只做后置定語,即放在所修飾名詞之后 。如;the bridge being built
to do (to be done)動詞不定式做定語常表示將來,有主動與被動兩種形式。
1、 所修飾的詞與不定式動作是一種被動關(guān)系這時(shí)注意選擇是用to do ,還是to be done.
1、I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.
2、His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
2、所修飾的詞與不定式是是一種主謂(主動)關(guān)系,這些詞前面常常有 the first ,the second, the last, the next, the only等修飾。
3.與所修飾的詞一種同位關(guān)系,這些詞通常是ability, way, chance, right, reason, need, wish等。the way to learn English
注意:1、非謂語動詞做定語的時(shí),有時(shí)可以與定語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
3.任何非謂語動詞的否定是直接在前面加not.
4.單個(gè)的分詞作定語放在所修飾的詞之前,分詞短語作定語,放在所修飾的詞之后。動詞不定式只能做后置定語。
5.不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成,無被動
非謂語動詞可做定語的三種被動式:
①done(完成過的被動)
His first book published last month is based on a true story.
②being done(正在進(jìn)行的被動)
His first book being published now is based on a true story.
③to be done(將要發(fā)生的被動)
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
三.非謂語動詞作賓補(bǔ)
考點(diǎn)一 感官動詞 see/ watch /observe/look at/hear/listen to/notice等
1. 賓語與補(bǔ)語之間是主動關(guān)系
See sb do sth(動作全過程)
See sb doing sth (動作正在進(jìn)行)
2.被動關(guān)系
See sth done (被動完成)
See sth being done(被動進(jìn)行)
考點(diǎn)二 let的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) :
1 Let + 賓語+ do 讓...做...
2 Let + 賓語+ be + done 讓...被...
考點(diǎn)三 leave 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ,意為 :使。。。處于某種狀態(tài)
1 leave sb doing sth 讓某人一直...
(賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,表示動作正在進(jìn)行)
It's wrong of you to leave the machine running
2 leave sb to do sth 留下某人去做某事
(賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,不定式動作表將來)
He left , leaving me to do all the work .
3 leave sth to be done 留下某事要做
(賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,不定式表將來被動)
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving our problems to be settled .
4 leave sth undone 留下某事未作 (
賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,
表示被動和完成。常見的賓補(bǔ)動詞有 undone/unfinished/unsettled/untouched等)
考點(diǎn)四 have / get '使、讓、叫
1 have/get sth done 使/讓某事由別人做(叫/讓某人做某事)
2 have sb do sth = get sb to do sth 使/讓某人去做某事
3 have sb/sth doing 使...持續(xù)地...= keep sb /sth doing .
4 get sb/sth doing 使某人/某物開始。。
考點(diǎn)五 make +賓語+do /done
考點(diǎn)六 下列動詞和動詞詞組常用不定式做賓補(bǔ),
即'動詞/動詞詞組+sb +to do sth '
advise/allow/ask/beg/cause/encourage/expect/
forbid/force/get/intend/invite/order/want/ warn
其它 keep sb doing/keep sth done
with +賓語+補(bǔ)語(doing/done/to do)
死記短語
be addicted to…沉迷于……
be absorbed in…全神貫注于……
be aimed at…旨在/意圖……
be armed with…有……裝備
be buried in…埋葬在……
be based on/upon…以 ……為基礎(chǔ)
be burdened with…擔(dān)負(fù)著……
be crowded with…擠滿了……
be covered with/by…覆蓋著……
be coated with…涂抹了……
be combined with…與……聯(lián)合
be compared with…與……相比較
be caught in…陷入……
be lost in…沉迷于……
be concerned about…關(guān)心……
be dressed in…穿著……
be devoted to…專心致志于……
be divided into…分成(幾份/幾組)
be designed/meant/intended for…專為……而設(shè)計(jì)
be engaged in…忙于……
be engaged to sb.與某人訂婚
be fixed on…專注于 ……
be faced with…面臨著……
be filled with…裝滿了……
be greeted with…受到了……問候
be grown up 已經(jīng)長大了
be hidden in…躲在……
be linked to…與……有關(guān)
be connected with…與……相連/有關(guān)
be made of/from/up of 由……制成/由……組成
be known as/for/to…以……著稱/因……著名
be recovered from…從……中康復(fù)
be loaded with…載有……
be located in/on/at…位于……
be married (to sb.)與某人結(jié)婚
be paved with…鋪著……
be replaced with…更換為……
be related to/with…與……有關(guān)
be separated from…與……隔開
be shouldered with…肩負(fù)著……
be stationed in…駐扎在……
be surrounded with/by…四周環(huán)繞著……
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