第三節(jié) 從句
從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個成分。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及therebe句型。
1．定語從句
限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時常可省略，which則不能，而且其后的“不及物動詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如：
1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．
2.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerouspart，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn．
代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時，用that而不用which，that作賓語可省略。例如：
1.I care anything that has something to do withit．
2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to pleasehim．
3.That is the last time we met each other．
4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterday．
who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點的定語從句，而when用來表示時間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如:
1.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developingthe idea of mass production．
2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large boneof the lower leg．
3.The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary wasbeaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery．
4.The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies inmy department．
在下列情況，限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：
1)當關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語；或它們在從句中作介詞的賓語，而該介詞又在句末時；
2)當先行詞是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代詞時，或先行詞前有一個最高級形容詞修飾時；
3)當先行詞前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修飾時，或先行詞就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名詞時，關(guān)系代詞即可省略。例如：
1.The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived．
2.I met the woman you told me about．
3.She gave me all she could afford．
4.With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment theyare happening．
非限定性定語從句，其作用為：對所修飾的成分作進一步的說明，它與主句用逗號隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個句子；代表人時只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如:
1.The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander GrahamBell．
2.The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia homePresident 3.Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April12，1945．
4.Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’shealth，which is known to everyone．
2．狀語從句
狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等連詞引導(dǎo))，結(jié)果狀語從句(由so…that和such…that連接)，讓步狀語從句(由though，although,no matter，even if,however，whatever等詞引導(dǎo))，原因狀語從句(由as，because，since和for引導(dǎo))，條件狀語從句(由if,whether，as long as，providedthat等詞引導(dǎo))，地點狀語從句(由where引導(dǎo))，行為方式狀語從句(由as引導(dǎo))。有時條件狀語從句中，主句不可以用將來時，而用一般時代替。例如：
1.The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring,long before the leaves grow.
2.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appearedon best-seller lists.
3.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catchfire.
4.Uniform acceleration (同樣的加速) occurs if the rate of changeremains the same over successive equal intervals of time．
5.Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate6.Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassyin Yugoslavia.
狀語從句中的“主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“be”省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞／過去分詞介詞短語／形容詞／名詞短語”。)例如：
1.When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects inhealthy eyes．
2.If necessary，I would like to see you in youroffice.
3.Although seriously wounded，he never complained．
3．名詞從句
名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
1）主語從句
主語從句常出現(xiàn)在itis+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句”的形式中。例如：
1.It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold asolo concert in Shanghai someday this month．
2.It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet thedeadline．
3.It usually happened that I was late because of trafficjams.
主語從句還可用when，where，how，why，whether等連接副詞，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如：
1.How to arrange the meeting is not your task．
2.Whose candidate will win the election is the question bothpolitical parties are asking．
3.When I leave is my own decision.
4.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying athome．
2)賓語從句
賓語從句可由that, 疑問代詞或副詞how，why和where等引出。例如：
1.To postpone the conference until next month indicated thatthey were unprepared．
2.Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said．
3.Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where shehad gone．
4.Could you offer more details except that it happened atnight?
由what，whether，how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后，而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but，besides，except，in,save之后。例如:
1.I can hardly believe in what they have done.
2.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is021.
一些表語性的形容詞，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished,certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad,shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表語時，后面可跟由that,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：
1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending thelectures．
2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination．
3.She was surprised how simple his problem is．
4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the finalexamination.
3)表語從句
表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在“this／that／itis because” 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
1.A logarithm(對數(shù)) is what is known in algebraexponent(代數(shù)的指數(shù))．
2.One thing I admire most about them is that they arehospitable．
3.She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted．
4.I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market iswhere the elderly do exercise every day．
4)同位語從句
同位語從句是由兩個或兩個以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中前項與后項所指相同，句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導(dǎo)，也可由whether，how，why，where,when等來引導(dǎo)。例如：
1.She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must studyhard．
2.The question whether or not I should help him in such a casetroubled me greatly．
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