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動詞不定式（to do）的用法

昕夢緣 >《我的圖書館》

2009.10.25

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1. 不定式的用法------1.1 不定式作主語

不定式作主語，往往用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。

例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

　 It's very kind of you to help us.　他幫助我們，他真好。

　 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。

但是，用不定式作主語的句子中還有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動名詞作表語。例如：

（對）To teach is to learn.

（錯）It is to learn to teach.

（錯）To teach is learning.

（錯）Teaching is to learn.

典型例題

　 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.　

　 A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on

答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。

1.1.1 不定式做主語 It's for sb/It's of sb to do sth

這樣的句子中，由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導致了不定式邏輯主語標志用for或of的區(qū)別。

1）for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：

　　 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2）of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：

　　 It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

1.2 不定式作賓語

1） 有些及物動詞用不定式作賓語，結(jié)構(gòu)為動詞+不定式。例如：

afford	aim	agree	arrange	ask	decide
bother	care	choose	demand	desire	determine
elect	endeavor	hope	fail	help	learn
long 渴望	mean	manage	offer	plan	pretend
refuse	tend	undertake	expect	hate	intend

例如：

　 The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。

　　 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意幫助我。

2）有些動詞除了可以用不定式作賓語，還用不定式作補語，即有動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

ask	choose	expect	help	beg	intend
like/love	need	prefer	prepare	want	wish

例如：

　　　 I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

　　　I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。

　　　 I want to speak to Tom.　我想和湯姆談話。

　　　 I want you to speak to Tom.　我想讓你和湯姆談話?！　?/span>

3） 有些動詞或動詞詞組可以用動詞+疑問詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例如：

decide	know	consider	forget	learn	remember
show,	wonder	find out	tell	inquire	explain

例如：

Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/span>

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I don't know which to buy.

有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

1.3 不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：

　　 My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。

　　 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢想是成為一名醫(yī)生。

1.4 不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。例如：

　　　I have a lot of work to do.　我有許多事要做。

　　　There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家時）兩手空空。

1.5 不定式作狀語

1）目的狀語　

常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do（僅僅為了）, in order to do,　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我來僅僅是向你告別。

2）作結(jié)果狀語，可以表示沒有預料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。

I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。

He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間，沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。

3）表原因

I'm glad to see you. 見到你很高興。

She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。

4）表示理由和條件

He must be a fool to say so.

You will do well to speak more carefully.

1.6 不定式作補語

1） 有些有動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

動詞	賓語	不定式
He reminded	me	to buy some eggs.
		THAT-從句
He reminded	me	that I had to buy some eggs.

advise	allow	cause	challenge	command	compel
drive 驅(qū)使	enable	encourage	forbid	force	impel
induce	instruct	invite	like/love	order	permit
make	let	have	want	get	warn
persuade	request	send	tell	train	urge

例如；

Father will not allow us to play on the street.　父親不讓我們在街上玩耍?！　　　　　?/font>

The officer ordered his men to fire. 長官命令士兵開火。

注意：有些動詞如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做賓補，也可用分詞作賓補?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2) 有些有動詞+賓語+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式的動詞往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：

consider	find	believe	think	declare（聲稱）	appoint
guess	fancy（設(shè)想）	guess	judge	imagine	know

例如：

We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。

We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）

典型例題

　　 Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　

A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　

答案：C. 一般沒有consider+賓語+be以外不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，也沒有consider+賓語+doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，排除A、B、D。consider用動詞be以外的不定式作賓補時，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故選C。

3) 有些動詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

believe	expect	intend	like	love	mean
prefer	want	wish	understand

例如：

　 We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。

You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生吧。

1.7 動詞不定式的否定式

在不定式標志to前加上not。例如：

　 Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。

　 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.　

　 A. never to drive　 B. to never driver　 C. never driving　 D. never drive　

　答案：A warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.

2）The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.　

　 A. not to　　B. not to do　　C. not do it　 D. do not to

　答案：A not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應(yīng)有賓語，因此也B，D不對。

2. 省略不定式符號“to”的情況

1） 情態(tài)動詞（除ought 外）后。

She can't speak to you.
He should give her some money.
Shall I talk to him?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
I might stay another night in the hotel.
They must leave before 10.00 a.m.

2） 使役動詞 let, have, make后，感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。

注意：被動語態(tài)中不能省去to。例如：

　 I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。

　 =He was seen to dance.

　 The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。

　 =They were made to work the whole night.

He saw her fall from the cliff.
We heard them close the door.
They saw us walk toward the lake.
She felt the spider crawl up her leg.

3) 使役動詞 let, have, make后

Her parents let her stay out late.
Let's go to the cinema tonight.
You made me love you.
Don't make me study that boring grammar book!

4） would rather，had better句型后

       We had better take some warm clothing.

       She had better ask him not to come.

       You'd better not smile at a crocodile!

       We had better reserve a room in the hotel.

       You'd better give me your address.

       They had better work harder on their grammar!

5） Why… / why no…句型后

6） help 后可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb （to） do sth：

7） but和except后。but前是實義動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。

比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。

　　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥，他什么都信。

8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：

9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補時，可以省去to be。例如：　

　　 He is supposed （to be） nice.　他應(yīng)該是個好人。

典型例題

1） ---- I usually go there by train.　

　 ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?　

　　 A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going　　

　　答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。

2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.　

　 A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning

　答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。

3. 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1） 一般式表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后，例如:

　　 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。

　　 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再見到你。

2） 完成式:完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前,比如to have broken, to have seen, to have saved. 例如:

Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.

I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.

He pretended to have seen the film.

If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

3） 進行式表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。例如：

I'd really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now.

You must be joking!

I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

4） 完成進行式表示動作從過去開始并延續(xù)至說話的時候: (to) have been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 例如:

to have been crying

to have been waiting

to have been painting

The woman seemed to have been crying.

You must have been waiting for hours!

He pretended to have been painting all day.

5） 不定式的被動語態(tài): (to) be + 被動式, 例如 to be given, to be shut, to be opened 例如:

I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.

These doors should be shut.

This window ought to be opened.

4. 不定式的特殊句型------4.1 too…to…

1）too…to　太…以至于…。例如：

　　 He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了，說不出話來。

　 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　

不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動, 但還是謝謝你。

2）如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意為"不太"。例如：

　 It's never too late to mend.　改過不嫌晚。（諺語）

　3）當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：

　 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。

　 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

4.2 so as to

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：

　　 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

　　　Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。

2） 表示結(jié)果。例如：

　　 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。

4.3 Why not

"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"。例如：

　　Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?

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