英語詞典中有多少個以字母 X 開頭的單詞?
字母X在英語中的使用相對較少,尤其是用在單詞首字母上。牛津詞典網(wǎng)站(en.oxforddictionaries.com)上收錄了所有當下詞匯,其中包含從 X 自己到 xystus 在內(nèi)的120個以X開頭的單詞。這一總數(shù)還包括人名、地名和事件名稱。
更為龐大的歷史性詞典《牛津英語辭典》收錄所有罕見和過時的詞匯,即使它們已經(jīng)不再當代英語中使用。在該辭典不收錄專有名詞的前提下,約有400個單詞以字母X開頭。一些來歷模糊的詞匯例如有趣的 xanthodontous,意為“有黃牙的”和僅在1592年有唯一一條記錄的 xsturgy,意為“拋光的過程”。
許多首字母為X的英文單詞源于希臘語,例如希臘語的 xenos(意為 stranger / 陌生人)生成英語詞匯 xenophobia / 陌生人恐懼癥;希臘語的 xulos(意為 wood)生成英語詞匯 xylophone 和 xylography,意指木雕藝術(shù)。詞典中首字母為X的單詞部分還包括較大比例的科技詞匯,如 xanthic / 微黃的和 xiphoid / 劍突。
Agenda 是單數(shù)名詞還是復數(shù)名詞?
最初,agenda 是單數(shù)名詞 agendum(意思為“需要完成的一件事”)的復數(shù)形式。然后,它漸漸指代一系列需要完成的事情。在這一最為常見的現(xiàn)代詞義上,agenda 就完全成為單數(shù)名詞,其復數(shù)形式為 agendas。
Emoji(表情符號)是一種語言嗎?
很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)表情符號是一種超有趣的交流方式。我們使用的大多數(shù)詞匯都與外部“真實的”世界有著完整的任意性關(guān)聯(lián),而我們書寫的方式也是如此。這在利用字母書寫的情況下尤其如此。如漢字等一些書寫系統(tǒng),或多或少保留了符號和所代表事物之間相呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系。今天,設(shè)計好的表情符號利用非常樣式化的圖片或圖標將書面交流和“真實的”世界直接接通。當我們閱讀文字時看到一個表情符號,我們也無需用一個詞匯來替代這個表情。
那么,我們該怎樣整體看待表情符號呢?雖然它們只用在書寫中,那它們是一種語言嗎?你可以只用表情符號就發(fā)給某人一條完整信息,但你或許不能只用表情符號就能獨立自主地與人交流,到時你總是需要一種現(xiàn)有語言來交流,除非你是在內(nèi)容非常有限的情況下交流。這樣考慮的話,表情符號與英語或其他特殊語言,如英式手語或美式手語相較是不一樣的。這也是為何即使人們能用表情符號交流很多內(nèi)容,但大多數(shù)語言學家還不能說表情符號構(gòu)成一種嚴格意義上的語言。
然而,人們確實也以比喻義使用著文字語言——在一些諸如討論編程語言、肢體語言和舞蹈語言時——去描述交流的各種各樣代碼和方式,這種交流并不符合語言學家對一種語言定義的所有標準。因此,大眾常常將表情符號也稱為“語言”并不奇怪。
害怕某事在英文中如何說?
對某物的極度或非理性恐懼在英文中稱為 phobia,它源于希臘語的 phobos,意為 fear。在英語中,有各種描述對特定事物、事件或情景害怕的單詞。一些較為熟知的例子有:claustrophobia / 幽閉恐懼癥、agoraphobia / 開放或公共場所恐懼癥、arachnophobia / 蜘蛛恐懼癥、acrophobia / 恐高癥。
其實還有很多同類詞匯,但很多并不常用,例如 coulrophobia / 小丑恐懼癥、scopophobia / 注視恐懼癥、ailurophobia / 恐貓。在一般情況下,簡單地在害怕的事物后加上 phobia 一詞就是最為常見的用法,例如:he had a longstanding needle phobia。
以下列出牛津詞典中含有 phobia 的詞匯,也可在瀏覽器中打開以下網(wǎng)頁https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/phobias-list查看網(wǎng)頁版清單。
物品 | 恐懼癥名稱 |
air travel | aerophobia |
American people and things | Americophobia |
animals | zoophobia |
bacteria | bacteriophobia |
beards | pogonophobia |
beating | mastigophobia |
bed | clinophobia |
bees | apiphobia |
birds | ornithophobia |
blood | haemophobia |
blushing | erythrophobia |
body odour | bromidrosiphobia |
bridges | gephyrophobia |
bullets | ballistophobia |
burial alive | taphephobia |
cancer | carcinophobia |
cats | ailurophobia |
childbirth | tocophobia |
children | paedophobia |
Chinese people and things | Sinophobia |
church | ecclesiophobia |
clouds | nephophobia |
coitus | coitophobia |
cold | cheimaphobia |
colour | chromophobia |
comets | cometophobia |
computers | cyberphobia |
constipation | coprostasophobia |
corpses | necrophobia |
correspondence | epistolophobia |
crowds | demophobia/ochlophobia |
dampness | hygrophobia |
darkness | scotophobia |
dawn | eosophobia |
death | thanatophobia |
depth | bathophobia |
dirt | mysophobia |
disease | pathophobia/nosophobia |
dogs | cynophobia |
dreams | oneirophobia |
drink | potophobia |
drugs | pharmacophobia |
dust | koniophobia |
electricity | electrophobia |
enclosed places | claustrophobia |
English people and things | Anglophobia |
everything | panophobia/pantophobia |
eyes | ommetaphobia |
faeces | coprophobia |
failure | kakorrhaphiaphobia |
fatigue | kopophobia |
fear | phobophobia |
feathers | pteronophobia |
fever | febriphobia |
fire | pyrophobia |
fish | ichthyophobia |
flesh | selaphobia |
floods | antlophobia |
flowers | anthophobia |
fog | homichlophobia |
food | cibophobia/sitophobia |
foreigners | xenophobia |
freedom | eleutherophobia |
French people and things | Francophobia/Gallophobia |
fur | doraphobia |
German people and things | Germanophobia/Teutophobia |
germs | bacteriophobia |
ghosts | phasmophobia |
glass | nelophobia |
God | theophobia |
gold | chrysophobia/aurophobia |
hair | trichophobia |
heart disease | cardiophobia |
heat | thermophobia |
heaven | uranophobia |
hell | hadephobia/stygiophobia |
heredity | patroiophobia |
high buildings | batophobia |
high places | acrophobia/hypsophobia |
home | oikophobia |
homosexuals | homophobia |
horses | hippophobia |
ice | cryophobia |
ideas | ideophobia |
idleness | thassophobia |
illness | nosophobia |
imperfection | atelophobia |
infinity | apeirophobia |
injury | traumatophobia |
inoculation | trypanophobia/vaccinophobia |
insanity | lyssophobia/maniphobia |
insects | entomophobia |
insect stings | cnidophobia |
Italian people and things | Italophobia |
itching | acarophobia |
jealousy | zelotypophobia |
justice | dikephobia |
lakes | limnophobia |
leprosy | leprophobia |
lice | pediculophobia |
light | photophobia |
lightning | astrapophobia |
lists | pinaciphobia/katastichophobia |
loneliness | autophobia/ermitophobia |
machinery | mechanophobia |
magic | rhabdophobia |
marriage | gamophobia |
men | androphobia |
metal | metallophobia |
mice | musophobia |
microbes | bacillophobia/microbiophobia |
mirrors | eisoptrophobia |
mites | acarophobia |
mobs | ochlophobia |
money | chrematophobia |
monsters, giving birth to | teratophobia |
motion | kinetophobia |
music | musicophobia |
names | onomatophobia |
narrowness | anginophobia |
needles | belonephobia |
new things | neophobia |
night | nyctophobia |
nudity | gymnophobia |
open places | agoraphobia |
pain | algophobia |
parasites | parasitophobia |
people | anthropophobia |
philosophy | philosophobia |
pins | enetophobia |
places | topophobia |
pleasure | hedonophobia |
poison | toxiphobia |
politics | politicophobia |
Pope | papaphobia |
poverty | peniaphobia |
precipices | cremnophobia |
priests | hierophobia |
punishment | poinephobia |
rabies | hydrophobophobia |
rail travel | siderodromophobia |
religious works of art | iconophobia |
reptiles | batrachophobia |
responsibility | hypegiaphobia |
ridicule | katagelophobia |
rivers | potamophobia |
robbers | harpaxophobia |
ruin | atephobia |
Russian people and things | Russophobia |
saints | hagiophobia |
Satan | Satanophobia |
scabies | scabiophobia |
Scottish people and things | Scotophobia |
sea | thalassophobia |
sex | erotophobia |
shadows | sciophobia |
sharpness | acrophobia |
shock | hormephobia |
sin | hamartophobia |
skin disease | dermatosiophobia/dermatopathophobia |
sleep | hypnophobia |
slime | blennophobia |
small things | microphobia |
smell | olfactophobia/osmophobia |
smothering | pnigerophobia |
snakes | ophidiophobia |
snow | chionophobia |
solitude | eremophobia |
sound | acousticophobia |
sourness | acerophobia |
speech | lalophobia/laliophobia/glossophobia/phonophobia |
speed | tachophobia |
spiders | arachnophobia |
standing | stasophobia |
stars | siderophobia |
stealing | kleptophobia |
string | linonophobia |
stuttering | lalophobia/laliophobia |
sun | heliophobia |
swallowing | phagophobia |
symmetry | symmetrophobia |
taste | geumatophobia |
technology | technophobia |
teeth | odontophobia |
telephone | telephonophobia |
thinking | phronemophobia |
thirteen | triskaidekaphobia |
thunder | brontophobia/tonitrophobia/keraunophobia |
time | chronophobia |
touch | haptophobia |
travel | hodophobia |
tuberculosis | phthisiophobia |
tyrants | tyrannophobia |
vehicles | ochophobia |
venereal disease | syphilophobia |
voids | kenophobia |
vomiting | emetophobia |
water | hydrophobia |
waves | cyrnophobia |
weakness | asthenophobia |
wind | anemophobia |
women | gynophobia |
words | logophobia |
work | ergophobia |
worms | helminthophobia |
writing | graphophobia |
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