外語教師聯(lián)盟每周一
“專項語法難題探微”欄目
（可點(diǎn)擊閱讀原文查看往期知識點(diǎn)）
本期第三個知識點(diǎn)
同位語
第三講
同位語從句的分析
同位語從句指的是從句在復(fù)合句中作 同位語 , 它是同位語一種表現(xiàn)形式。這種作同位語的從句看起來似乎并不復(fù)雜,但在閱讀和翻譯 中,如果我們?nèi)鄙賹λ姆治?就有可能造成誤解。
現(xiàn)將這種從句分析如下：
A
同位語從句的實(shí)質(zhì)
從句作同位語表示與之同位的名詞(短語)的實(shí)際內(nèi)容它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,對前面的名詞(短語)加以補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋,相當(dāng)于一個表語從句,它們之間的關(guān)系是同位關(guān)系即主表關(guān)系。
如果用變通的辦法,把名詞(短語)和“主語 be 表語”結(jié)構(gòu)連系起來,就可以看出這種同位關(guān)系。
試比較:
We all know the theory that matter is made up of atoms and molecules.
(=we all know the theory and the theory is that matter is made up of atoms and molecules.)
我們大家都知道物質(zhì)是由原子和分子構(gòu)成的這一理論。
The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in the region has been discussed.
(=The suggestion is that we should develop the natural resources in the region, and the suggestion has been discussed.)
關(guān)于我們應(yīng)該開發(fā)本地區(qū)資源的建議已經(jīng)討論過了。
The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been solved·
(The problem is whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules, and the problem has been solved.)
天然橡膠是否是線型鏈狀分子的聚合物,這個問題已經(jīng)解決了。
I have no idea when she will be back.
(=I have no idea，and the idea is when e will be back.)
我不知道她什么時候會回來。
B
引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞
引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞最常見的是that。that是一個純引導(dǎo)詞 (pure introductory word)在同位語從句中?？墒∪?尤其是在口頭語中。
例如:
I had the impression (that) your government was undecided about assisting us.
我的印象是你們政府還沒有決定援助我們。
“Billing and cooing ! That's the way (that) you think of it!
That's the way (that) you talk of it! As though it were something you had to do.'
'談情說愛!這是你的想法!這是你的說法!仿佛這是你的義務(wù)似的'。
連接詞when、where、why、whether、how等也可引導(dǎo)同位語從句,這些連接詞除有連接主句和同位語的語法功能外,還有一定的'疑問'意義。
例如：
He has solved the question why he is ill.
他已經(jīng)解決了他為什么生病的問題。
Have you any idea how fast sound travels?
你知道聲音傳播有多快嗎?
連詞but that也可引導(dǎo)同位語從句,它通常出現(xiàn)在“否定詞 doubt(deny、question)等名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后。這時,but無否定含義,
僅起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,?？墒∪?有時也可省去that而保留but,
例如：
There is no question (but) that the four modernizations will be realized in China by the end of the century.
中國在本世紀(jì)內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)四個現(xiàn)代化,這是沒有問題的。
There is no doubt but (that) we will succeed in designing the project.
毫無疑問,我們能把這項工程設(shè)計出來。
C
同位語從句的先行詞
同位語從句的先行詞通常是抽象名詞,常見的有:idea、thought、fact、evidence、belief、doubt、fear、hope、question、theory、news、order、ability等等。
例如:
Wives lived in fear that their husbands might be killed.
妻子們擔(dān)心丈夫會戰(zhàn)死,提心吊膽地過日子。
How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him?
皇帝覺得身上并沒有穿上新衣,對這個問題騙子是怎樣解釋的?
Is there any reason that he chose that honest old prime minister to go and find out?
他挑選那位誠實(shí)的老宰相去了解真相，有什么緣故嗎?
代詞it可用作同位語從句的先行詞。這個it常放在某些動詞或短語動詞后作賓語,同時兼作其后that同位語從句的先行詞。
例如:
We take it that you will act according to the final agreement
我們認(rèn)為你方是會按照最后協(xié)議行事的。
In measuring electromotive force with a voltmeter, we should see to it that the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the electric source.
用伏特計測量電動勢時,務(wù)必使伏特計與電源并聯(lián)。
I owe it to you that I am still alive.幸虧你,我現(xiàn)在還活著。
有的語法家把先行詞it后的that從句看作是動詞或介詞的真正賓語。我們認(rèn)為,這種it后的that從句應(yīng)看作it的同位語,因為它相當(dāng)于'主語 be 表語'結(jié)構(gòu)。
試比較：
You must see to it that the children don' catch cold. (=You must see to it，and it is that the children don't catch cold.)
你要當(dāng)心,別讓孩子們著涼了。
D
'復(fù)合介詞 the fact that從句'結(jié)構(gòu)
從總體來看,這種結(jié)構(gòu)屬介詞短語。如果分開來理解,其中的the fact 用作復(fù)合介詞的賓語,同時兼作其后that從句的先行詞,that從句為同位語從句。
例如:
It is chiefly due to the fact that the sun gets higher in the sky in summer and shines more directly down on that part of the earth.
這主要是由于夏天太陽在空中的位置較高,同時更加直接地照射著地球的那一部分。
We must never overlook our small weak points because of the fact that we have made big achievements.
我們不可因為有了大的成績就忽視小的缺點(diǎn)。
Owing to the fact that I had lost his address, I didn't know where I could find him.
由于我把他的地址遺失了,所以我不知到哪里去找他 。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的復(fù)合介詞很多,常見的有:due to , by dint of，by virtue of , because of，on account of，in view of等等。
E
同位語從句與先行詞之間的分隔
同位語從句一般都緊跟在與其同位的名詞(即先行詞)之后,但當(dāng)先行詞作句子的主語,其謂語較短,同位語較長時,同位語從句常與同位名詞 (短語)分隔。
例如:
In the first half of the last century the discovery was made that a magnet could be used to get an electric current.
上個世紀(jì)的前半期發(fā)現(xiàn)可用磁鐵產(chǎn)生電流。
The boy bore up well when news came that his father had been killed.當(dāng)消息傳來,說他父親犧牲時,這孩子表現(xiàn)得很堅強(qiáng)。
The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, th more energy it radiates.物體的溫度愈高,放射的能量愈多,這一理論非常重要。
當(dāng)前一同位成分的名詞中心詞即先行詞)有后置修飾語(如短語或定語從句等)時,同位語從句?？赡苓h(yuǎn)離其先行詞。
例如:
For example, we know that the statement commonly accepted when the first edition of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea，is not true.
例如：在海洋深處完全沒有生命這一說法,在本書第一版付印時是人們所公認(rèn)的,但現(xiàn)在我們知道它并不正確。
An indistinct idea he had, that the child was desolate and in want to help.
他心里有一種模糊的概念,就是這孩子是無人照顧的需要幫助。
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