I want to share with you some ideas aboutthe secret power of time, in a very short time.
我想跟你們分享一些對時間的神秘力量的看法 當然是在很短的時間內(nèi)
Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio. Keep it quiet please. Settle down. It's about time. Endsequence. Take one. 15 seconds studio. 10, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four,three, two ...
視頻：好的，開始計時。30秒倒計時 保持安靜。 注意時間。結(jié)束倒計時。 15秒倒計時 10，9，8，7 6，5，4，3，2......
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into theconversation of the principals in Adam's temptation. 'Come on Adam, don'tbe so wishy-washy. Take a bite.' 'I did.' 'One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.' 'I don't know, guys. I don't want to get introuble.' 'Okay. One bite. What the hell?' (Laughter)
Philip Zimbardo: 讓我們來看看這段對話 是有關(guān)“亞當?shù)恼T惑” 快，亞當，別磨磨唧唧的，就咬一口，我已咬過了 就一口，亞當。不要放棄夏娃 我不知道啊 我真的不想惹麻煩 好吧，就一口。能怎么樣？（笑聲）
Life is temptation. It's all aboutyielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective, present focusand future focus. Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
生活中充滿了誘惑。而且到處都是：屈服或反抗是、不是、現(xiàn)在、隨后、沖動、沉穩(wěn) 專注現(xiàn)在和展望未來 激情時刻一旦到來，道德束縛將皆被打破
Of teenage girls who pledged sexualabstinence and virginity until marriage — thank you George Bush — the majority,60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year. And most of them didso without using birth control. So much for promises.
那些承諾婚前無性行為的女孩 – 這里感謝下小布什總統(tǒng) 大多數(shù)，大概百分之六十的人在一年之內(nèi)就違背了自己的承諾 而這些人幾乎沒采取任何“安全措施” 多么多的承諾啊
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving thema treat. They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait until theexperimenter comes back, they can have two. Of course it pays, if you likemarshmallows, to wait. What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in totemptation. They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait. They resist thetemptation. They delay the now for later.
現(xiàn)在我們來試試引誘4歲的孩子，拿他們來做個試驗 他們現(xiàn)在有一個棉花糖，如果他們能夠 等到實驗員回來再吃的話，就可以得到2個棉花糖 這當然是需要付出的，如果你真喜歡吃棉花糖的話，那就等著 但結(jié)果是3分之2的孩子屈服于誘惑 他們等不了。當然，其它的孩子都得到了第二個棉花糖 因為他們抵抗了誘惑。他們甘于先苦后甜。
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about thosekids. There were enormous differences between kids who resisted and kids whoyielded, in many ways. The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on theSAT. That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points. Theydidn't get in as much trouble. They were better students. They wereself-confident and determined. And the key for me today, the key for you, is,they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
沃特米塞奇，是我在斯坦福大學(xué)的同事他在14年后 重新找到這些孩子并去勘察他們現(xiàn)時的情況 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩組孩子在各個方面 都有著巨大的差異 那些等到了第二個棉花糖的孩子在SAT中比另一組得分平均高250分 這是多么大的差異??！這根本就是兩組智商水平不同的孩子啊他們都沒有任何問題，都是好學(xué)生 他們自信而且果斷。那么今天我所要說的關(guān)鍵是 同樣也是你們的關(guān)鍵點 就是由“面向現(xiàn)在”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤罢雇磥怼?/span>
So what is time perspective? That's whatI'm going to talk about today. Time perspective is the study of howindividuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into timezones or time categories. And you do it automatically and non-consciously. Theyvary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between socialclasses, between education levels. And the problem is that they can becomebiased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
那什么是時間洞察力呢？這將是我下面要講的時間洞察力是研究個人 包括我們在內(nèi)，如何以時間區(qū)域或時間類別為單位 劃分自身的經(jīng)歷體驗。 其實我們一直都在自然而然地做著 而影響我們劃分方式的因素有很多，包括不同的文化背景、國家個人、社會階層 以及不同的教育背景 問題是由于這些因素的存在，最終導(dǎo)致時間洞察力都具是片面的 因為你學(xué)會經(jīng)常使用其中的一些，而其他的則被很少使用
What determines any decision you make? Youmake a decision on which you're going to base an action. For some people it'sonly about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing andwhat you're feeling. And those people, when they make their decisions in thatformat — we're going to call them 'present-oriented,' because theirfocus is what is now.
是什么促使你做出那些選擇？你所做的決定是基于你怎么采取行動的 對一些人來說，這個決定只是基于現(xiàn)狀 另一些人是基于他們的直覺。 對于那些基于現(xiàn)狀而做決定的人 我們稱呼他們?yōu)椋骸懊嫦颥F(xiàn)在” 因為他們專注于現(xiàn)正發(fā)生的事情
For others, the present is irrelevant. It'salways about 'What is this situation like that I've experienced in thepast?' So that their decisions are based on past memories. And we're goingto call those people 'past-oriented,' because they focus on what was.
對于另一些人來說，現(xiàn)正發(fā)生什么并不重要就好像是說：“我以前好像經(jīng)歷過類似的事情”一樣 所以，他們基于過去的經(jīng)驗來做決定我們稱呼這些人為：“觀望過去”，因為他們專注于過去
For others it's not the past, it's not thepresent, it's only about the future. Their focus is always about anticipatedconsequences. Cost-benefit analysis. We're going to call them'future-oriented.' Their focus is on what will be.
還有一部分人，他們的考慮不是基于現(xiàn)在，也不是過去而是未來 他們專注于預(yù)期的結(jié)果 就像成本效益分析一樣 我們稱呼這些人為：展望未來。因為他們專注于將來會是怎么樣的
So, time paradox, I want to argue, theparadox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision youmake, you're totally unaware of. Namely, the extent to which you have one ofthese biased time perspectives. Well there is actually six of them. There aretwo ways to be present-oriented. There is two ways to be past-oriented, twoways to be future. You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative. You can bepresent-hedonistic, namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist —it doesn't matter, your life is controlled. You can be future-oriented, settinggoals. Or you can be transcendental future: namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly dependingon the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.
那么，時間悖論，這里我要討論的是：時間洞察力的悖論 會不會有某個因素影響你做出的每一個決定 而你又完全不知？ 那你就具有某種程度上的 片面的時間洞察力 實際上是有六種時間洞察力，其中兩個屬于“面向現(xiàn)在” 兩個屬于“觀望過去”，還有兩個屬于“展望未來” 你可以專注于“積極經(jīng)歷”或“消極經(jīng)歷” 也可以專注于“享受現(xiàn)在” 指的是你專注于生活中的快樂，或者自身宿命這些都無所謂，因為你的生活盡在掌握 當然，你也可以“展望未來”，設(shè)定一個目標或者超越未來 指的是：生命在死后重新開始 通過增強精神靈活性來順利地提升時間洞察力 這有賴于環(huán)境的需求 這就是你要學(xué)著去做的
So, very quickly, what is the optimal timeprofile? High on past-positive. Moderately high on future. And moderate onpresent-hedonism. And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism. So theoptimal temporal mix is what you get from the past — past-positive gives youroots. You connect your family, identity and your self. What you get from thefuture is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges. What you get fromthe present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places,people, sensuality.
那么，什么是最佳的時間洞察力呢？高度依賴于“積極經(jīng)歷”，適度依賴于未來 適度依賴于”享受現(xiàn)在“ 永遠不考慮“消極經(jīng)歷” 和“宿命論” 其實，最佳的時間洞察力是由你過去的經(jīng)歷 “積極經(jīng)歷”奠定了基礎(chǔ)，你和你的家庭，獨立自主 從未來得到是 值得奮斗的目標，新的挑戰(zhàn)從“享受現(xiàn)在”中得到的是動力 去探索自身 世界、他人以及原始需求
Any time perspective in excess has morenegatives than positives. What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrificefamily time. They sacrifice friend time. They sacrifice fun time. Theysacrifice personal indulgence. They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrificesleep. So it affects their health. And they live for work, achievement andcontrol. I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters. (Laughter)
任何時間洞察力中總是負性多于正性的舉個例子：為了將來的成功我們需要犧牲些什么呢？ 我們需要犧牲和家庭在一起的時光，需要犧牲和朋友在一起的時光 需要犧牲那些快樂的時光，需要犧牲個人嗜好 需要犧牲業(yè)余愛好，需要犧牲睡眠時間。因此會影響身體健康他們的生活中只有工作、成就和控制欲 我保證你們在座的一些人會對此引起共鳴 （笑聲）
And it resonated for me. I grew up as apoor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family — everyone lived in thepast and present. I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top,who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me futureoriented. Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're goingto get two of them, until I learned to balance out. I've addedpresent-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old,I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I haveever been.
這些與我引起了共鳴，我出生于南布朗克斯貧民窟中的一個貧困的西西里島人的家庭中。每個人都是在沉湎過去和活在當下 在這里，我，作為一位“展望未來”的人 拜我的老師所賜，我做出了以上所有的犧牲 并將我改變成為一位“展望未來”的人。 告訴我不要那個棉花糖 因為如果你等待的話，就能吃到2個 直到我學(xué)會了如何平衡舍與得的關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在我學(xué)會了“享受現(xiàn)在”，同時也學(xué)會了觀望“積極經(jīng)歷” 因此，在我76歲的時候，我感覺到從沒有過的精力、動力現(xiàn)在的我比以前任何時候都要快樂！
I just want to say that we are applyingthis to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids,combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with timemetaphors — getting miracle cures — promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts astime-zone clashes.
這里，我只是想說：要應(yīng)用這個原理去解決世界上的很多問題改變學(xué)校的退學(xué)率 打擊毒品，增強青少年健康 用時間隱喻法治療那些患有創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的老兵 — 創(chuàng)造醫(yī)學(xué)奇跡 促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展和保護在具有50%退出率的醫(yī)院內(nèi)減緩身體康復(fù) 改變那些呼吁自殺的恐怖分子 將家庭矛盾轉(zhuǎn)化為時間區(qū)域的沖突
So I want to end by saying: many of life'spuzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that ofothers. And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences arereally profound. Thank you so much. (Applause)
最后我想說的是如果真正理解自身的以及其他人的時間觀點的話 生活中的許多困惑都會被解開 道理是簡單且顯而易見的 但結(jié)論是深奧的 謝謝！ （掌聲）
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