初中英語語法專題三-----定語從句
本課重點1.復(fù)習(xí)掌握定語從句：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
2.基本語法概念：定語，定語從句，先行詞，關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞）
3.名言警句
ü Constant dripping wears away a stone. 水滴石穿，繩鋸木斷。
ü Do well and have well. 善有善報。
ü Life is but a span. 人生苦短。
一．知識總結(jié)歸納
（一）基本概念：
1.定語：修飾性成分，多用形容詞、介詞充當(dāng)。
2.定語從句：復(fù)合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子（做這個名詞或代詞的定語）
3.先行詞：定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞.
在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，時間，地點，原因狀語
4.關(guān)系詞 （1）關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom,whose,
(2)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語從句。.
（二）定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性,
限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進(jìn)行補充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。
（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.
二．知識重點與難點
先行詞是指人,關(guān)系代詞可用 who,that,whom,whose。如果先行詞指物,關(guān)系代詞可用which或that;
| 先行詞 | 主格 | 賓格 | 所有格 |
| 人 | who,that | who(m),that | whose |
| 物 | which,that | which,that | whose,of which |
（一）．關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1. 關(guān)系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
例１：This is the detective who came from London.
例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
２．關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物，在從句中作表語，（指人作主語時多用who）僅用于限制性定語從句中。
(6) which可作表語，既可指人，以可指物。指人時，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有種特征．品性或才能的人。Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who。
(8) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
３．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where為“介詞＋關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
（二）．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1．關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句
關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時間．地點或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語，where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語，why充當(dāng)原因狀語。
2. that可引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間．地點或原因
That有時可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間．地點或原因，在 that引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句中，that也可以省去。
（三）．限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1．二者差異比較
限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞這間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞．關(guān)系副詞或that來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。
2．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù)
(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應(yīng)選用關(guān)系副詞，作主語．賓語或表語的可選用關(guān)系代詞。
3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后，但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分，構(gòu)成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如：
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.
（四）．As在定語從句中的用法
1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
（１）as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
（２）as 也可單獨使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
（３）the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2．As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置
as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面．中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
（五）．學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的幾個問題
定語從句又稱為關(guān)系從句，是最常見的從句之一，每年高考題對之均有考查。
1、定語從句中關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致性
定語從句中關(guān)系代詞一般應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持主謂一致。例如：
The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School.
但注意下列一組句子：
He is the only one of the students who was here just now.
He is one of the students who were here just now.
如果'one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞'后跟有定語從句，一般情況下'one of'后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞，但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very,just the修飾時，先行詞則為one。
2、定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
It is the place where they lived before.
It is in the place that they lived before.
第一個句子為定語從句，where指代the place,在定語從句中作狀語，第二個句子為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強調(diào)in the place,that沒有意義，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。
Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)疑問副詞where)。
Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定語從句，that指代the watch)
3、定語從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu)
He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.
He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.
I've got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai.
第一個句子為定語從句，關(guān)系代詞whom指代two sons,在定語從名中介詞of的賓語。第二個句子為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，由并列連詞and連接，人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個為兩個獨立的句子，兩個句子中間用句號，兩句開頭的處一個字母都大寫。
4、定語從句與狀語從句
He found the books where he had put.
He found the books in the place where he had put.
第一個句子為狀語從句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地點狀語。第二個句子為定語從句，where引導(dǎo)從句修飾the place。
This is such an interesting book that I'dlike to read it.
This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.
第一個句子為結(jié)果狀語從句，在結(jié)果狀語從句中，it指代book,作read的賓語。第二個句子為定語從句，關(guān)系代詞as指代先行詞book的定語從句中read的賓語。
5、定語從句中的先行詞
Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?
Is this the book that you bought yesterday?
第一個句子中，this book是主句的主語，the one 是先行詞。在第二個句子中this是主句的主語，the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現(xiàn)：Is this book that you bought yesterday?
6、定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用，而同位語從句則相當(dāng)于名詞，它對其前面的詞給予說明或作進(jìn)一步解釋，即說明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。例如：
The news that we heard is not true.(定語從句)
The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位語從句)
另：在'have no idea+從句'結(jié)構(gòu)中，其從句都作idea的同位語。例如：
I have no idea when she will be back.
（六）、定語從句易犯小錯誤
由于定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，初學(xué)者在使用時往往容易犯一些錯誤，最常見的有如下七種：
(一)、在定語從句中加了多余的定語。如：
1．誤：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．
正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．
2．誤：The book that you need it is in the library．
正：The book that you need is in the library．
(二)、把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯。如：
1．誤：Anyone who break the law will be punished．
正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
2．誤：Those who has finished may go home．
正：Those who have finished may go home．
譯：做完了的人現(xiàn)在可以回家。
3．誤：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．
正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．
4．誤：This is one of the rooms that is free now．
正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．
(三)、誤省略了定語從句中作主語的關(guān)系代詞。如：
1．誤：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
正：Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
2．誤：The key opens the bike is missing．
正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．
(四)、定語從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或介詞。如：
1．誤：The house where he lives in needs repairing．
正：The house where he lives needs repairing．
或：The house he lives in needs repairing．
2．誤：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．
正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．
(五)、在作先行詞的時間名詞或地點名詞后錯用了關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
1．誤：I still remember the day when we spent together．
正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．
2．誤：This is the house where we lived in last year．
正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．
(六)、在先行詞reason后錯用關(guān)系副詞why。如：
1．誤：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？
正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？
2．誤：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．
正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．
(七)、誤將強調(diào)句型當(dāng)定語從句。如：
1．誤：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．
正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．
2．誤：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？
正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？
（七）．定語從句的注意事項
1.一般說來，除了用定語從句解釋名詞或泛指外，先行詞前應(yīng)有定冠詞the。
2.在限制性定語從句中which,whom,that充當(dāng)賓語時，可以省略。而在非限制性定語從句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定語從句的復(fù)合句中從句與主句之間應(yīng)該用逗號隔開。
4.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。首先看引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系詞that是否在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如果在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表，則是定語從句。再看that前的名詞是否是一些需要有內(nèi)容的名詞，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的從句是說明其內(nèi)容的，（這個名詞在后面的從句中部充當(dāng)任何成分），這個從句則是同位語從句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，又加上后面從句是說明hope的內(nèi)容的，因此時同位語從句。
5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。而the reason that也是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.
6.當(dāng)主句中有who,which時，而定語從句中也要用到who或which時，為了避免who…who,which…which等重疊，定語從句用that引導(dǎo)。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7.先行詞為人和物作并列成分時，定語從句用that引導(dǎo)。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8.不論人或物在定語從句中作表語時，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9.“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)；而“one of＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”前有the，only或the only修飾，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.
定語從句專練一
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer__my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.Is there anyone in your class ______family is in the country? A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV. A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn? A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected. A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up. A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
定語從句專練 (二)
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. Is this the factory _____ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
5. The wolves hid themselves in the places ____couldn’t be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
6. The freezing point is the temperaturewater changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts.
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress _____ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what
12. He failed in the examination, _______ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what
13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist ____ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
14. The girl ____ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
19. Is there anything____to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
20. ---- “How do you like the book?” ---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except ______ who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22. The train ______ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which C. under which D. which
24. Antarctic ___we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. when D. in which
27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, ____ live my randparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that C. who D. where
29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
30. Is it in that factory ____ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. that
31. It is the Suez Canal ___separates Asia __ Africa. A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with
32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, ___was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
A . there B. where C. it D. which
33. He is not ___ a fool ___. A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looksC. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks
34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favor of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that
35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what
36. He has two sons, ____work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whomC. both of which D. all of whom
37. I, _____your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom
39. ---- Do you know the town at all? ---- No, this is the first time I __________ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
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