林 鋮1, 姜 儻2
(1.杭州迪安醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗所,浙江 杭州 310030;2.中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,廣東 中山 510080)
摘要:作為非小細(xì)胞肺癌治療史上的里程碑,表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)的出現(xiàn)顯著延長了非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的生存期,改善了患者的生存質(zhì)量。亞洲的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者EGFR基因的突變頻率遠高于白種人,將更加受益于EGFR-TKI藥物。然而,分子靶向藥物面臨的一個重要問題就是耐藥。這些最初受益于EGFR-TKI藥物的患者,其腫瘤最終都將再次發(fā)生進展,并且這種狀況往往發(fā)生在開始用藥后1年左右。由于EGFR-TKI的繼發(fā)耐藥,目前已相繼出現(xiàn)了3代EGFR-TKI藥物。在眾多耐藥機制中最受關(guān)注的耐藥突變就是EGFR T790M和C797S點突變。為了達到更好的治療效果,必須對使用EGFR-TKI藥物的患者進行繼發(fā)耐藥動態(tài)監(jiān)測。組織活檢是癌癥診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),然而組織活檢由于存在操作風(fēng)險較高、組織樣本獲得困難、無法實時檢測及腫瘤異質(zhì)性等問題,無法對非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者進行動態(tài)監(jiān)測。液體活檢是一種方便、快捷、具有較高可靠性、新興的非侵入性檢測方法,其通過檢測血液中循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(CTC)、循環(huán)腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)及腫瘤釋放出的外泌體,對腫瘤進行早期診斷、篩查、療效和預(yù)后評估以及耐藥監(jiān)測等。文章綜述了EGFR-TKI藥物及液體活檢技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,并對液體活檢技術(shù)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥中的應(yīng)用進行簡評和展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:液體活檢;表皮生長因子受體;酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;非小細(xì)胞肺癌
肺癌是危害人類健康的重大疾病,是最常見的腫瘤相關(guān)性死亡的原因,并且在全球范圍內(nèi)其發(fā)病率仍呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。僅2015年,我國肺癌發(fā)病人數(shù)就達73.33萬,死亡人數(shù)達61.02萬[1-2]。肺癌的發(fā)病增加與現(xiàn)代社會人口老齡化加劇、城市工業(yè)化、環(huán)境污染及不良生活方式如吸煙等相關(guān)。約有50%的肺癌患者在確診后1年內(nèi)死亡,5年生存率極低。按照組織學(xué)分型,可將肺癌分為小細(xì)胞肺癌及非小細(xì)胞肺癌,非小細(xì)胞肺癌又可繼續(xù)劃分為腺癌、鱗癌、大細(xì)胞分化癌及混合細(xì)胞肺癌,并且其發(fā)病率約占所有肺癌的80%[3-4]。表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的出現(xiàn)顯著延長了非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的生存期,改善了患者的生存質(zhì)量。然而,分子靶向藥物面臨的一個重要問題就是耐藥。由于EGFR-TKI的繼發(fā)耐藥,目前已經(jīng)相繼出現(xiàn)3代EGFR-TKI藥物。為了達到更好的治療效果,使用EGFR-TKI藥物的患者必須對繼發(fā)耐藥進行動態(tài)監(jiān)測。液體活檢是一種方便、快捷、具有較高可靠性、新興的非侵入性檢測方法。我們對液體活檢技術(shù)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥中的應(yīng)用進行了綜述。
一、非小細(xì)胞肺癌基因檢測的應(yīng)用
隨著人類基因組計劃的完成,人類30億堿基對的遺傳密碼已經(jīng)初步得到破解,同時伴隨著分子生物學(xué)檢測技術(shù),如聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、熒光原位雜交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,F(xiàn)ISH)、一代測序、二代測序等技術(shù)的逐步成熟,基因診斷已經(jīng)在遺傳性疾病、腫瘤、感染性疾病、生育健康指導(dǎo)等多個領(lǐng)域中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,個體醫(yī)療已經(jīng)進入“精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療”時代。目前,基因診斷已經(jīng)被越來越多地用于指導(dǎo)腫瘤早期篩查、用藥指導(dǎo)、預(yù)后判斷及微小殘留監(jiān)測等。通過對腫瘤的基因診斷,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)腫瘤的基因分型,實現(xiàn)腫瘤的異癌同治以及同癌異治。
腫瘤靶向藥物的出現(xiàn)在很大程度上改變了腫瘤的傳統(tǒng)治療模式,大大改善了患者的預(yù)后,顯著延長了患者的無進展生存期和總生存期。這些靶向藥物主要為單克隆抗體類和一些小分子的激酶抑制劑,作用機理往往是抑制腫瘤新生血管生成、影響細(xì)胞周期、阻斷異常的細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路及對表觀遺傳改變進行調(diào)控[5]。
目前,針對非小細(xì)胞肺癌已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種驅(qū)動突變,這些突變包括EGFR、KRAS、間變性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)、ROS1、HER-2、ΒRAF、RET等[6-7]。針對攜帶這些突變的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者可選用相應(yīng)的分子靶向藥物進行治療,如靶向EGFR突變的TKI藥物,靶向ALK、ROS1、RET突變的克唑替尼(crizotinib),靶向ΒRAF突變的威羅菲尼(vemurafenib)/達拉菲尼(dabrafenib),靶向KRAS突變的司美替尼(selumetinib)等[5,8]。對于未經(jīng)選擇的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,SCHILLER等[9]的研究結(jié)果顯示4種化療方案(卡鉑/紫杉醇、順鉑/吉西他濱、順鉑/紫杉醇、順鉑/多西他賽)的總體生存期為8個月。對于根據(jù)臨床特征選擇的非鱗癌患者,SCAGLIOTTI等[10]的研究顯示應(yīng)用培美曲塞/順鉑進行化療的中位生存期為11.8個月。而對于EGFR基因敏感突變的患者,MITSUDOMI等[11]的研究結(jié)果顯示,其中位生存期已經(jīng)延長到30.9個月。 晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療模式已逐漸從以往的千篇一律發(fā)展到今天由基因診斷和靶向治療引領(lǐng)的個體化治療時代,而其中最關(guān)鍵的生物標(biāo)志物就是EGFR基因突變,它讓患者能在TKI藥物的治療中實現(xiàn)長期生存。
二、EGFR-TKI藥物的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的驅(qū)動突變中,突變比例最高的當(dāng)屬EGFR。EGFR屬于ErbB受體家族,該家族包括EGFR(ErbB-1)、HER-2/c-neu(ErbB-2)、HER-3(ErbB-3)和HER-4(ErbB-4)。EGFR基因也被稱作HER-1(ErbΒ1)基因,是一種癌基因。EGFR是一種受體酪氨酸激酶,位于細(xì)胞膜上,通過與細(xì)胞外的配體如表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)等結(jié)合后激活并發(fā)生二聚化,通過磷酸化激活下游信號通路,實現(xiàn)信號的傳遞,并最終影響細(xì)胞增殖及腫瘤發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)移、放化療抵抗等[12-13]。EGFR突變主要集中在酪氨酸激酶區(qū),具體位置為第18~21號外顯子,其中19號外顯子部分缺失(19del)以及21號外顯子L858R點突變,約占EGFR所有突變的90%,而突變的EGFR往往會使該信號通路異常激活,導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生[12,14-15]。在白種人非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中,EGFR突變比例約為20%;在亞洲非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中,EGFR的突變率約為50.2%;而在不吸煙的患者中,其突變比例甚至高達60.7%[16-17]。目前,國內(nèi)外權(quán)威指南均提出,針對非小細(xì)胞肺癌,需要檢測EGFR的突變狀態(tài)。
靶向EGFR的EGFR-TKI藥物用于治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌已經(jīng)有10多年的經(jīng)驗,極大地提高了非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的總生存期。目前,EGFRTKI藥物已經(jīng)發(fā)展了3代,其中第1代EGFRTKI藥物以吉非替尼(gefitinib)和厄洛替尼(erlotinib)為代表,作用機理為通過競爭性結(jié)合EGFR-酪氨酸激酶催化區(qū)域上的ATP結(jié)合位點,阻斷信號傳遞。第1代EGFR-TKI藥物與EGFR的結(jié)合是一種可逆的結(jié)合過程[18]。大量臨床研究表明,非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者使用第1代EGFR-TKI藥物后的無進展生存期為9~13個月,之后發(fā)生耐藥,其中約有50%~60%的患者發(fā)生EGFR第20號外顯子T790M點突變,其他耐藥機制還包括EGFR的其他突變(D761Y、T854S、L747S等)及MET基因擴增、HER-2基因擴增、MAPK擴增、PIK3CA突變、ΒRAF突變、EMT(上皮向間質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化)、轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾〖?xì)胞肺癌(small-cell lung cancer,SCLC)、AXL通路激活,核因子-κB(nuclear factorkappa B,NF-κB)激活等[19-22]。針對T790M突變,研發(fā)出了第2代EGFR-TKI藥物及第3代EGFR-TKI藥物,第2代EGFR-TKI藥物以阿法替尼(afatinib)為代表,其原理與第1代EGFRTKI類似,但與EGFR-TKI的結(jié)合是不可逆的,并且能夠和多種EGFR家族成員結(jié)合。然而,由于第2代EGFR-TKI靶向T790M的特異性不強,并且能夠和多種野生型EGFR基因結(jié)合,耐受劑量低,不良反應(yīng)較強,因此并未達到理想的效果[23]。第3代EGFR-TKI藥物以奧斯替尼(osimertinib/AZD9291)為代表,能夠靶向EGFR的激活突變位點及T790M,競爭性結(jié)合EGFR-酪氨酸激酶催化區(qū)域上的ATP結(jié)合位點,阻斷其信號傳遞。其優(yōu)勢在于這種結(jié)合是不可逆的,并且只能和突變的EGFR結(jié)合,而對野生型EGFR不發(fā)生作用。 然而,第3代EGFR-TKI藥物仍然無法逃離靶向藥物耐藥的宿命,患者的無進展生存期在1年左右,部分患者產(chǎn)生了新的耐藥突變C797S[24-27]。目前,針對C797S的藥物正在研發(fā)中。最新的研究表明,將一種小分子藥物EAI045與愛必妥聯(lián)用,能夠在小鼠模型中顯著抑制EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S突變的非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,有望發(fā)展為第4代EGFRTKI藥物[28]。
由于非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者能夠極大獲益于EGFR-TKI藥物的治療,對于這些患者進行基因診斷十分必要。組織活檢作為腫瘤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷流程,能夠提供樣本用于基因診斷,以決定該患者是否適用靶向藥物。但由于組織活檢存在有時無法進行、操作風(fēng)險較高、無法獲得組織樣本、無法實時檢測患者的基因突變狀態(tài)等問題,甚至由于腫瘤存在異質(zhì)性,獲得的部分組織樣本無法正確反映腫瘤的突變等情況,非小細(xì)胞肺癌的突變檢測亟需一種方便、快捷、特異、無創(chuàng)或微創(chuàng)的檢測方法。
三、液體活檢技術(shù)
近年來,液體活檢技術(shù)取得了巨大進步。作為一種新興的檢測方法,液體活檢由于其非侵入性、方便、快捷和較高的可靠性等優(yōu)點已越來越多地被應(yīng)用于臨床,并且具有很大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。只需要對腫瘤患者進行簡單的采血就能實現(xiàn)實時、重復(fù)地檢測腫瘤脫落進入血液的循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)、循環(huán)腫瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)及外泌體[29-31]。通過液體活檢,醫(yī)生能夠建立腫瘤基因表達譜、靶向突變用藥、及時判斷治療是否有效、動態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)治療方案等。對于非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者而言,液體活檢技術(shù)能夠用于腫瘤的早期篩查、療效和預(yù)后評估以及耐藥檢測等,具有傳統(tǒng)組織活檢不具備的諸多優(yōu)勢[32]。
四、CTC
1869年,澳大利亞學(xué)者ASHWORTH[33]首次在轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤患者的血液中觀察到腫瘤細(xì)胞,并率先提出了CTC的概念。CTC被認(rèn)為是自發(fā)或經(jīng)由診療操作,脫離實體腫瘤或轉(zhuǎn)移癌進入外周血的腫瘤細(xì)胞[34]。CTC進入血液可能是經(jīng)由腫瘤內(nèi)部破潰的血管、經(jīng)由上皮向間質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化或主動發(fā)生遷移,進入外周血中[35-36]。CTC在外周血中以單個細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞團的形式存在[37]。CTC在腫瘤患者外周血中的含量很低,往往105~107個白細(xì)胞中才存在1個CTC[38]。隨著CTC檢測分離和檢測技術(shù)的進步,目前CTC檢測已被應(yīng)用于臨床。實現(xiàn)CTC檢測首先需要將其與血液中的各種細(xì)胞進行區(qū)分,然而目前尚無方法能夠十分可靠并且高效地將CTC從血液中分離出來。實現(xiàn)對CTC的分析需要特殊的分離方式和有效的檢測手段。目前,CTC的分離方式主要有根據(jù)細(xì)胞的物理性質(zhì),如細(xì)胞大小、密度等(密度梯度離心法、微孔過濾法)進行分離;根據(jù)細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性,使用免疫磁珠進行分離(針對CTC細(xì)胞表面抗原的正向分選以及針對白細(xì)胞表面抗原的負(fù)向分選);通過微流控芯片進行CTC分離等[39-43]。
當(dāng)成功分離CTC后即可對其進行檢測。目前,CTC的檢測方式主要有:針對細(xì)胞數(shù)量的細(xì)胞計數(shù),基于基因檢測的免疫熒光、FISH、測序、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄(reverse transcription,RT)-PCR和表達分析以及細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)等。CellSearch是全球第1個獲得美國食品藥品管理局(U.S. Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)認(rèn)證的用于惡性腫瘤疾病管理的CTC檢測產(chǎn)品。目前,已經(jīng)有多項研究結(jié)果表明CTC計數(shù)能夠作為乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及結(jié)直腸癌的預(yù)后指標(biāo)[44]。在黑素瘤[45]、頭頸癌[46]等腫瘤中,CTC也被認(rèn)為具有指示預(yù)后的效果。在治療過程中,CTC的數(shù)量變化能為治療效果的評價提供參考?;颊咴诮?jīng)過治療后,如果CTC數(shù)量急劇下降,往往會有更好的預(yù)后[47-48]。對于非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,CTC的數(shù)量也與腫瘤的預(yù)后直接相關(guān)[49]。對于早期肺癌患者,術(shù)前檢測到的CTC數(shù)量越多,則腫瘤的無進展生存期及總生存期越短[50-51]。目前,使用CTC已經(jīng)能夠檢測多種突變,包括EGFR、KRAS、ALK、ROS1、c-MET等,并且能夠用于EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥的用藥監(jiān)測,有助于腫瘤個體化治療藥物的選擇以及治療方案的確定。
MAHESWARAN等[52]采用微流控芯片從27例非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者血液中分離CTC(中位數(shù)為74個/mL),并通過擴增突變阻滯系統(tǒng)(amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)-PCR檢測EGFR的突變狀態(tài),在采用EGFR-TKI治療的患者體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了T790M突變,并且T790M突變的出現(xiàn)明顯縮短了患者的無進展生存期。而在一項針對40例EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過CTC檢測,約有80%的患者能夠檢出與組織活檢相同的T790M突變[53]。在另一項研究中,研究者通過激光顯微切割技術(shù)分離CTC,通過全基因組擴增,繼而使用PCR檢測EGFR 19del、EGFR L858R及EGFR T790M的突變狀態(tài)。結(jié)果表明95%(19/20)的單個CTC能夠產(chǎn)生至少1種EGFR突變的擴增子,其中有55%(11/20)成功產(chǎn)生了檢測EGFR 19del的擴增子,85%(17/20)成功產(chǎn)生了檢測EGFR L858R的擴增子,45%(9/20)成功產(chǎn)生了檢測EGFR T790M的擴增子[54]。
目前,CTC的應(yīng)用仍然具有一定的局限性,包括檢出率低(尤其是在腫瘤早期,檢出率極低)、需要依賴于特殊的分離設(shè)備、不同的分離方式影響CTC的純度、需要通過單細(xì)胞測序技術(shù)對全基因組進行分析、腫瘤存在異質(zhì)性、檢測的CTC不能代表整個腫瘤的狀態(tài)等。目前,液體活檢技術(shù)用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌EGFRTKI繼發(fā)耐藥的監(jiān)測時,更多檢測的是ctDNA。
五、ctDNA檢測
1948年,Mandel和Métais發(fā)現(xiàn)在外周血中存在大量的游離DNA(cell-free DNA,cfDNA),這些cfDNA來自于自體細(xì)胞破潰。而在數(shù)十年后,人們才在腫瘤患者血液中確定存在腫瘤特異的DNA,即ctDNA[55-56]。ctDNA被認(rèn)為是腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、壞死及分泌所釋放出的DNA[57],其在腫瘤患者體內(nèi)的含量很低,約占整個cfDNA的1%,甚至只有0.01%[58]。同時,ctDNA的半衰期很短,只有數(shù)小時,因此可以用于對腫瘤患者進行實時監(jiān)控[59]。ctDNA的片段大小也有較固定的特征,多為核小體的整數(shù)倍,主要集中于160~180 bp[60]。ctDNA的富集對于其分析具有明顯影響,通過使用磁珠特異性的收集小片段核酸能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)ctDNA的富集,而使用探針進行靶向捕獲或使用特定引物進行靶向擴增能夠?qū)θ旧w的特定區(qū)域進行富集并檢測。
在多種實體腫瘤中存在ctDNA。研究表明檢測腫瘤患者體內(nèi)ctDNA的水平能夠用于評估腫瘤負(fù)荷、監(jiān)測復(fù)發(fā)及評估治療的有效性[61-62]。由于ctDNA占整個cfDNA的比例極低,檢測存在大量的背景噪聲,需要使用更加靈敏的檢測方式,如基于PCR技術(shù)的ARMS-PCR、BEAMing、數(shù)字PCR,基于下一代測序技術(shù)及PCR技術(shù)的標(biāo)記擴增深度測序、安全測序系統(tǒng)、超高多重PCR捕獲測序等以及通過靶向捕獲,如癌癥個體化深度測序分析(cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing,CAPP-Seq)等。通過對ctDNA進行檢測,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤特異的基因改變,如點突變、插入/缺失、拷貝數(shù)變異、染色體重排甚至是表觀遺傳學(xué)改變[63-64]。
六、ctDNA在EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用
目前,關(guān)于ctDNA用于EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥的監(jiān)測已有較多實踐經(jīng)驗。TANIGUCHI等[65]在針對肺腺癌繼發(fā)耐藥的研究中,通過一種基于數(shù)字PCR原理的BEAMing技術(shù)對ctDNA進行檢測,結(jié)果顯示43.5%(10/23)的肺腺癌患者產(chǎn)生了EGFR T790M突變。ZHENG等[66]采用數(shù)字PCR對使用EGFR-TKI藥物的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的ctDNA進行檢測,結(jié)果顯示在117例EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥的患者中,有47%(55/117)的患者發(fā)生了EGFR T790M突變,并且在EGFR T790M陽性和陰性的繼發(fā)耐藥患者中,年齡、性別、組織學(xué)、吸煙史及EGFR-TKI作為幾線藥物治療等方面均無明顯差異。在一項關(guān)于厄洛替尼的2期臨床試驗中,招募了60例患者,每2個月及腫瘤進展時抽取患者血液,使用數(shù)字PCR檢測EGFR 19del、EGFR L858R及EGFR T790M的突變狀態(tài),最終有44例患者的腫瘤發(fā)生進展,其中有35例可再次活檢,發(fā)現(xiàn)有66%(23/35)的患者發(fā)生了EGFR T790M突變;有39例患者通過數(shù)字PCR檢測ctDNA,有23%(9/39)的患者也發(fā)現(xiàn)了EGFR T790M突變;值得一提的是有2例無法再次活檢的患者通過ctDNA檢出了EGFR T790M突變[67]。在另一項針對第3代EGFR-TKI藥物——諾司替尼(rociletinib)繼發(fā)耐藥的43例非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的研究中,通過CAPP-Seq檢測ctDNA,發(fā)現(xiàn)有46%的患者產(chǎn)生了多種耐藥機制,提示存在腫瘤異質(zhì)性,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的耐藥突變EGFR L798I,該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)在奧斯替尼耐藥的患者中,EGFR C797S突變占33%,而在諾司替尼繼發(fā)耐藥的患者中這種突變僅占3%左右[68]。在一項通過ctDNA檢測非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者EGFR突變的研究中,研究者比較了基于非數(shù)字PCR的Cobas EGFR Mutation Test和therascreen EGFR amplification refractory mutation system assay平臺以及基于數(shù)字PCR的Droplet Digital PCR和BEAMing digital PCR,結(jié)果顯示,對于EGFR T790M突變,Cobas EGFR Mutation Test的敏感性和特異性分別為73%和67%,而BEAMing digital PCR的敏感性和特異性分別為81%和58%[69]。
目前,ctDNA在臨床上的應(yīng)用仍然具有一定的局限性,包括含量很低,尤其在癌癥早期,其含量更低;依賴于高靈敏度的檢測手段;無法檢測蛋白質(zhì),導(dǎo)致核酸的檢測結(jié)果無法與蛋白質(zhì)共定位;無法進行活細(xì)胞功能研究等。
七、外泌體
外泌體是由細(xì)胞內(nèi)部的多泡體與細(xì)胞膜融合后,釋放到細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的一種直徑為30~120 nm的膜性囊泡,在多種疾病及多種體液,如血液、尿液、母乳、腹水、唾液中均能檢出。外泌體內(nèi)含物大部分是蛋白質(zhì),如膜聯(lián)蛋白、CD9、CD63、CD81、主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)-1和腫瘤易感基因101(tumor susceptibility gene 101,TSG101)蛋白等,同時含有大量的mRNA、微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)、長鏈非編碼RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA))和環(huán)狀RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)[70-71]。在腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的外泌體中可檢測到過度表達的蛋白標(biāo)志物,如死亡受體Fas配體、腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand,TRAIL)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-beta,TGF-β)等腫瘤抗原和免疫抑制蛋白。腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的外泌體具有多種功能,包括導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生[72-73]、影響血管生成/內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活化[74-75]、腫瘤增殖[76-77]、腫瘤侵襲/轉(zhuǎn)移[78-79]以及免疫逃逸[80]等。外泌體的分離方法有很多,超速離心、密度梯度離心、免疫磁珠、微流控芯片等均能將外泌體從血液中分離[81-83]。而外泌體中攜帶的蛋白及RNA能夠用于腫瘤的早期診斷、預(yù)后判斷及耐藥評估,如隨著疾病的惡化,胃癌患者外泌體的數(shù)量會增加[84]。通過對肺癌患者血液及尿液的外泌體進行富集,檢測其中的蛋白質(zhì)及miRNA,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對肺癌的診斷及預(yù)后判斷[69,85-90]。
雖然對于外泌體的研究已經(jīng)有數(shù)十年的歷史,然而外泌體在腫瘤診斷中的應(yīng)用仍是一個較新的領(lǐng)域。目前,外泌體在臨床上的應(yīng)用仍具有一定的局限性,包括其分離需要特殊設(shè)備、無法進行細(xì)胞功能研究、使用的靶標(biāo)還需要大樣本研究確定其與腫瘤的相關(guān)性,并且對于外泌體本身的形成和分泌等機制仍需要更深入的研究。目前還沒有關(guān)于外泌體應(yīng)用于EGFRTKI繼發(fā)耐藥監(jiān)測的文獻報道,而美國Exosome Diagnostics公司聲明將于今年推出肺癌外泌體活檢產(chǎn)品——ExoDx Lung(T790M)和ExoDx Lung(EGFR)。
八、總結(jié)
作為《麻省理工大學(xué)科技評論》評選出的“2015年度十大突破技術(shù)”之一,液體活檢技術(shù)已得到科研工作者及臨床醫(yī)療機構(gòu)越來越多的關(guān)注。雖然目前國內(nèi)外的液體活檢技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然處于初級階段,然而由于其具有非侵入性、方便、快捷和可靠性較高等優(yōu)點,液體活檢技術(shù)將在腫瘤的伴隨診斷、預(yù)后判斷、微小殘留及篩查等方面扮演越來越重要的角色。而隨著更加高效、特異的CTC、ctDNA及外泌體分離方式的出現(xiàn)以及檢測技術(shù)的進步和新靶標(biāo)的發(fā)現(xiàn),液體活檢技術(shù)必將惠及更多的腫瘤患者,并在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥的動態(tài)監(jiān)測中大放異彩。
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(本文編輯:龔曉霖)
Liquid biopsy for monitoring EGFR-TKI drug resistance in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
LIN Cheng1,JIANG Tang2.
(1. Hangzhou DIAN Medical Laboratorg,Hangzhou 310030,Zhejiang,China;2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,Zhongshan 510080,Guangdong,China)
Abstract:As a milestone in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI) drugs significantly prolong the lifetime of patients with non-smallcell lung cancer and improve the patients' life quality. The frequency of EGFR mutation among non-small-cell lung cancer patients in Asia is higher than that among white men,so Asian patients have more benefits from EGFR-TKI drugs. However,one of the most important problems in targeted drugs is drug resistance. All EGFR-mutated patients who initially benefit from EGFR-TKI drugs develop progressive disease eventually,usually after approximately 1 year since treatment. Nowadays,due to drug resistance,there have been 3 generations of EGFR-TKI drugs. For the mechanisms of EGFR-TKI drug resistance,point mutation EGFR T790M and C797S are of special concern. Dynamic monitoring of drug resistance must be performed in patients who use EGFR-TKI drugs to achieve better therapeutic effect. Pathological biopsy is a gold standard for the diagnosis of cancer. However,pathological biopsy can not be competent for the dynamic monitoring of non-small-cell lung cancer patients,due to the risk of operation,the difficulty of getting tissue samples,being unable to determine in real-time,tumor heterogeneity and so on. Liquid biopsy is a new,non-invasive,convenient and highly reliable determination method. Liquid biopsy shows great potential on early diagnosis and screening,evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis and monitoring drugresistance by determing circulating tumor cell(CTC),circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)and tumor-released exosome in blood. This article reviews the progress of EGFR-TKI drugs and liquid biopsy,and assesses the potential of liquid biopsy in EGFR-TKI drug resistance of patients with non-small-lung cancer.
Key words:Liquid biopsy;Epidermal growth factor receptor;Tyrosine kinase inhibitor;Non-small-cell lung cancer
文章編號:1673-8640(2016)010-0835-09
中圖分類號:R446.11
文獻標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8640.2016.010.001
作者簡介:林 鋮,男,1988年生,博士,主管技師,主要從事腫瘤的診斷及伴隨診斷領(lǐng)域的基因研究。
通訊作者:姜 儻,聯(lián)系電話:0571-56137803。
收稿日期:(2016-08-04)
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