本篇和我之前發(fā)的《極簡(jiǎn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，一圖囊括所有》相呼應(yīng)，是其中一個(gè)分支的詳解。

簡(jiǎn)單句，是三種從句句型之一，在總圖中的位置如下：

定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)

• 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞，或代詞，或句子
  

• 關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，that ，which，who，whose等，指代先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。

• 從句：起描述或限定作用

他是需要幫助的人。

最簡(jiǎn)形式是簡(jiǎn)單句He is the man，從句who needs help作定語(yǔ)修飾the man。

你在網(wǎng)上買(mǎi)的書(shū)明天到

最簡(jiǎn)形式是 The book will arrive, 從句that your ordered online修飾the book作定語(yǔ)。

1. 定語(yǔ)從句的類(lèi)型——根據(jù)關(guān)系詞分類(lèi)

1.1 關(guān)系代詞定語(yǔ)從句

1.1.1 關(guān)系代詞特性

• 代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞

• 在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分

• 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1.1.1 指人：who, whom, that, whose

• He is the man who/that wants to see you.

• The man whom I want to see is him.

• She was the girl whom/that I saw in the restaurant.

• A child whose father is lazy will be raised through widowed parenting. 有懶爸爸的孩子會(huì)被喪偶式育兒養(yǎng)大。

• I, from whom you will learn a lot, is a self-employed person. 我，一個(gè)讓你將來(lái)學(xué)會(huì)很多東西的人，是一名自由職業(yè)者。

• You are no longer the man that you used to be. 你不再是吳下阿蒙。

1.1.2 指物: which, that, whose, of which

• He lives in a villa whose history is longer than his father. 他住在一座年齡比他父親還大的老別墅里

• Above the the mountains are the clouds, whose exquisiteness is faithfully reflected by the lake. 山上有云，其精致被湖面忠誠(chéng)地呈現(xiàn)。

• This is the pen whose owner is a talented student. 就是這支筆，它的主人是學(xué)霸。

• This is the pen (which) you want. 在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，可省略。

• This ship in which we crossed the strait is broken. 我們乘坐過(guò)海峽的船是艘破船。

• The picture which is taken by me is professional. 我拍出的照片很專(zhuān)業(yè)。

1.1.3 特殊用法

1.1.3.1 只能用that 不能用which

先行詞為everything， anything，all，little，much等不定代詞時(shí)；

• Everything （that） the light touches is our kingdom. 凡陽(yáng)光能照耀之地，便是我們的國(guó)度。

• Is there anything that I can do for you?

• Jenny told her mother all that had happened.

先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last修飾時(shí)；

• The only thing I expect of you is to love, and be loved in return.

先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)；

• This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

• This is the first time that she love a boy so deep.

先行詞有人又有物時(shí)；

• There are people and goods and plane that can be transported to the recipient 20 minutes after the plane was landed. 飛機(jī)運(yùn)載的人和貨物可在20分鐘內(nèi)被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至接待處。

當(dāng)主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。

• Who is the girl that won the champion?

1.1.3.2 不能用that，只能用which

介詞前置時(shí)；

• This is the teacher the son of whom is a famous doctor. 這就是兒子是名醫(yī)的那位老師。

• China has many islands, the second largest of which is Hainan Island. 中國(guó)有很多島嶼，其中第二大的是海南島。

• Is that the new media for which you often write articles?這就是你經(jīng)常投稿的新媒體嗎？

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中

先行詞本身是that

• The clock is that which tells the time，鐘表是用來(lái)表示時(shí)間的。

• The knife is that which is used to kill. 刀子是用來(lái)殺戮的。

1.2 關(guān)系副詞定語(yǔ)從句

1.2.1 where =at, in, on which

• Beijing is the place where (in which) the capital of China is.

• He want to find the place where he worked 10 years ago.

1.2.1 why=for which

• This is the reason why (for which) he refused our offer.

• I do not know the reason why he failed.

1.2.3 when=during, in, on which

• By the time you arrive, we had waited for you for 2 hours. You are so late!

• There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 有時(shí)你不得不屈服。

• I still remember the time when I met her for the first time. She was so young and so beautiful. 記得小蘋(píng)初見(jiàn)，兩重心字羅衣。

• Every time when you go away, you take a piece of me with you. 歌詞

2. 根據(jù)從句效用分類(lèi)

2.1 限定性定語(yǔ)從句

2.1.1 特點(diǎn)

• 從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。

• 不能被省略，否則句意就不完整

• 大部分定語(yǔ)從句都是限定性的

2.2.2 例句

• This is the boy you are looking for.

• I lost my heart in the girl in which I fall in love last time.

• She was the girl whom/that I saw in the restaurant.

• Here is somebody who wants to speak to you.

2.2 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

2.2.1 特點(diǎn)

• 解釋說(shuō)明作用

• 從句被省略后，句意完整

2.2.2 例句

• I like singing for the very reason that(for which) she dislikes it. 我喜歡唱歌，基于同樣的原因，她不喜歡。

• He has a brother who works in Google. 他有個(gè)在谷歌工作的兄弟。（我們不知道他有幾個(gè)兄弟，但是肯定有一個(gè)在谷歌工作，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明）

• His wife, who loved him very much, went to see him. 他的妻子，愛(ài)他至深，趕過(guò)去看他。

• An loquat tree in the yard, which I planted in the year my wife died, is like a canopy now. 庭有枇杷樹(shù),吾妻死之年所手植也,今已亭亭如蓋矣