名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此,名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作句子的主語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether;連接代詞who, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever等;連接副詞when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how far等。
1. 連詞that在主語(yǔ)從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用,無(wú)意義,不能省略。
2. 連詞whether在主語(yǔ)從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用,意為“是否”。
3. 連接代詞who, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever等在主語(yǔ)從句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),起連接作用,有意義。what在主語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
4. 連接副詞when, where, why, how, how much, how many, how far等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ),起連接作用,有意義。
5. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng),為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),常用it作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首,而將that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在句子的末尾。此類常見(jiàn)的句型結(jié)構(gòu)有:
1) it+be+形容詞+that從句:It’s strange that she knows nothing about it.
2) it+be+名詞+that從句:It’s a wonder that he is still alive.
3) it+be動(dòng)詞+that從句:Is it that the gentleman is not your uncle?
4) it+動(dòng)詞(+賓語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ))+that從句:It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying.
5) it+動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+that從句:It’s said that there has been an earthquake in Japan.
在口語(yǔ)中that有時(shí)可以省略:
It was clear her words pleased him.
It’s not our fault this has happened.
It strikes me Jack is a good boy.
6. 用it作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首,而將從屬連詞、連接代/副詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在句子的末尾的常見(jiàn)句型結(jié)構(gòu)有:
1) it+be+形容詞+從句:It’s uncertain whether the game will be held.
2) it+be+名詞+從句:It’s a puzzle how life began.
3) it+動(dòng)詞(+賓語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ))+從句:It doesn’t matter much where we live.
4) it+動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+從句:It is not decided who will perform it.
在復(fù)合句中作句子的賓語(yǔ)的從句被稱為賓語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether, if;連接代詞who, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等;連接副詞when, where, why, how等。
1. 如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置,該賓語(yǔ)從句可用任何詞引導(dǎo)。常用的句型有:
1) ...make it possible/easy/difficult... that... 使……可能/容易/難……
2) ...find/feel/think it necessary/important... that... 發(fā)覺(jué)/認(rèn)為……必要/重要
3) ...make it clear that... 說(shuō)清楚……
4) ...make it a rule that... 使……成為習(xí)慣……
5) ...take it for granted that... 認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然的
6) ...bring it to one’s attention that... 使……被某人注意到,使某人注意到……
7) ...see to it that... 務(wù)必……,一定注意到……
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect等,且主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I/we時(shí),習(xí)慣上將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,形式上否定主句謂語(yǔ),而實(shí)際上否定的是從句謂語(yǔ)。
在復(fù)合句中作句子的表語(yǔ)的從句被稱為表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether, as if;連接代詞who, which, what, whoever, whatever, whichever等;連接副詞when, where, why, how等。
1. 表語(yǔ)從句要用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
2. 在有表語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,主句時(shí)態(tài)和從句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致。例如:The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
3. 連詞that在表語(yǔ)從句中一般不可以省掉。例如:What I told him was that I would find him a good play.
在主從復(fù)合句中,用作同位語(yǔ)的從句,稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。它一般跟在某些名詞的后面,用以說(shuō)明或解釋前面的名詞,引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的詞有連詞that, whether;連接代詞what, who;連接副詞when, where, why, how...等都引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
1. 連詞that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句為一個(gè)句意完整的陳述句。that不能省略,沒(méi)有具體的意思,不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用。
2. 用連詞that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句解釋或說(shuō)明的名詞有:fact, news, belief, doubt, hope, idea, conclusion, message, proof, feeling, possibility, thought, promise, impression, report, opinion, order等。
3. 同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)和前面的名詞分開(kāi)。例如:The story goes that he often beats his children.
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