一、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動作當(dāng)時正在進(jìn)行,尚未結(jié)束,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的發(fā)生過程或當(dāng)時一段時間的狀態(tài)。此時,賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間的關(guān)系是主動的主謂關(guān)系。下列兩類動詞之后通常用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。
1、表“感覺”的動詞:see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如:
I heard Tom singing an English song in the next room.(湯姆正在發(fā)出“唱歌”這個動作。)
On the top of the hill, he could see smoke rising from the chimneys. (炊煙正在發(fā)出“升起”這個動作。)
He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
他環(huán)顧四周,無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人正在偷旅客的錢包。(catch sb doing sth. “無意發(fā)現(xiàn)某人(正)在做什么”。)
He was found smoking in the hall, so he was fined heavily. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)他在大廳里抽煙,結(jié)果被重罰。
2、表“使役”的動詞:have; keep; get; start; send; leave; set等。例如:
His letter left me feeling pretty bad.他的信使我感到相當(dāng)難受。(指當(dāng)時那段時間的狀態(tài)。)
What she said set me thinking.她說的話讓我深思。(指當(dāng)時那段時間“思考”的狀態(tài)。)
I’m sorry to keep you waiting so long a time. 很抱歉讓您久等了。 (指當(dāng)時那段時間“等待”的狀態(tài)。)
二、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)
過去分詞作賓補(bǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成和結(jié)果,此時,賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間的關(guān)系是被動的主謂關(guān)系。它主要是用在下列三類動詞之后。
1、 表示“感覺”的動詞,主要有see; watch; observe; notice; look at; feel; find; catch; hear; listen to等。例如:
When they got there,they found the house burnt down.(房子已經(jīng)被“燒掉”,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。)
I heard the song sung yesterday.( 歌被人“唱”。)
2、 表示“心理狀態(tài)”的動詞:like; think; expect; want; wish等。例如:
The waitress asked the American how he liked his steak cooked.
女服務(wù)員問那個美國人愿意怎么烹調(diào)牛排。(牛排被“烹調(diào)”。)
I wish my homework finished before five o’clock.. (作業(yè)被“完成”。)
3、 表示“使役”的動詞:have; get; leave; keep; make; order 等。
Don’t leave those things undone..要把那些事情做完。(事情被“做”。)
The teacher couldn’t make himself paid attention to because there was too much noise outside.
老師無法讓(學(xué)生)集中注意力,因為外面太吵了。(指老師本人不能被學(xué)生“注意”。)
注意:
使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種意義,具體指那種意義,要根據(jù)上下語境來確定。
過去分詞所表示的動作由主語讓他人完成的。例如:
1) I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. (雖然頭發(fā)被理,但這里指主語“我”讓理發(fā)師理發(fā)。)
2) 過去分詞所表示的動作是指主語所經(jīng)歷的一件不好的事情。例如:
He had his leg broken when he was playing football yesterday.
他昨天打足球的時候,腿被摔斷了。(雖然腿被摔斷,但這里指主語的不好的一次經(jīng)歷,與第一點(diǎn)意思不一樣。)
三、動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)
在英語中有些動詞要求接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)。它表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后,屬將要發(fā)生的動作。應(yīng)注意如下幾個方面:
1、 帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。有這種用法的動詞常見的有:ask; tell; get; wish; like; want; expect; prefer; enable; teach; know; understand; would like; cause; force; know; intend; permit; request; order; invite; encourage; warn; remind; oblige; forbid; challenge; drive等。例如:
Wei Fang asked me to go shopping with her.(“逛商場”這個動作發(fā)生在“叫”之后。)
Our teacher encouraged us to study harder.(“努力學(xué)習(xí)”發(fā)生在“鼓勵:之后。)
注意:
1)當(dāng)表示“見解、看法”的動詞后帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)時,其賓補(bǔ)形式通常是to be或to have done。這類詞通常有:believe; consider; declare; discover; guess; declare; find; imagine; judge; feel (認(rèn)為); suppose; think; understand等。例如:
I consider him to have done wrong.我認(rèn)為他做錯了。
Later, he discovered the story to be true.后來,他發(fā)現(xiàn)那個故事是真實。
2)表示“好惡”的動詞后帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)時,不能用于被動。這類動詞主要動詞有:like; dislike; prefer; hate; love; want等。例如:
I hate people to tell lies. 我厭惡人說謊。
Do you prefer me to do the work by myself?你更愿意我獨(dú)自做這個工作。
3)某些短語動詞后可帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)。這類動詞主要有arrange for; ask for; call on; count on; depend on; long for; rely on; wait for等。例如:
You can not count on Tom to help you. 別指望湯姆能夠幫你。
I am waiting for you to reply. 我在等你的答復(fù)。
2、 省to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。這類動詞有feel; hear; listen to; have; let; make; see; look at; notice; observe; watch。這類動詞后的賓補(bǔ)表示該動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束或未來要發(fā)生的動作。應(yīng)注意:在主動語態(tài)中省to,在被動語態(tài)中要to, 其中have沒有被動式。例如:
We saw them play football yesterday. (表示看了“打足球”整個過程。在主動語態(tài)中省to。)
He was made to stand outside for two hours. (在被動語態(tài)中要加to。)
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