前言
申申老師中考英語語法突破系列共8課時(shí)更新-都是我平時(shí)的授課資料
每個(gè)語法講解都是直接引入考點(diǎn)和相關(guān)真題并輔以超詳細(xì)的講解。不可錯(cuò)過的學(xué)習(xí)資料。
希望同學(xué)們能好好利用這些學(xué)習(xí)資料
第七章申申老師中考英語語法考前突破非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)
【非謂語動(dòng)詞命題趨勢(shì) 】
根據(jù)對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞部分全國(guó)各省、市中考試題的分析可知,今后該部分仍將是重點(diǎn)考查點(diǎn)之一。其考查重點(diǎn)為:
1.it作形式主語、賓語的用法
2.感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法;
3.動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問代詞和疑問副詞的連用
4.一些特殊動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)就要帶to;
5.有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式也可接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語,但表達(dá)的意思不同。
【考點(diǎn)詮釋】
一、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞用作主語
不定式或動(dòng)名詞用作主語,而分詞不能擔(dān)任句子中的主語。
【考例】It's very nicepictures for me. [天津]
A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing
[答案]:A。[解析]考查It's+形容詞+of/for sb. +to do sth.句中it為形式主語,to do是真正的主語,當(dāng)形容詞是表示品質(zhì)意思時(shí),應(yīng)該用of sb.,其他形容詞用for sb.,故此題答案為A。
二、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞用作賓語
【考例】一It's a bit cold Would you mind my ______all the windows?
一Do as you like,please.[07淄博市]
A.close B will close C.closing D.to close
[答案]C [解析]動(dòng)詞mind意為“介意”,后跟動(dòng)詞時(shí),應(yīng)使用ing形式。
Mary and I enjoy ____________ badminton[07黔嶺東南州]
A.to play B playing C.played
[答案]B[解析] enjoy后跟動(dòng)詞的ing形式作賓語,即:enjoy doing something,意為“喜歡(做)某事”。
--So hot in the classroom.Would you mind ___the windows?
——0K.I'll do it right now.[黃岡市]
A. not closing B not opening C closing D.opening
[答案]D[解析] mind是中考的重點(diǎn)考查詞匯,其后跟v—ing表示“介意……”。
---Mr. Wang,I have trouble _______the text.
一Remember ____it three times at least.[威海市]
A.to understand;reading B understanding;reading
C understanding;to read D.to understand;to read at night.
[答案]C [解析]have trouble doing something意為“做某事有困難”,所以答案在B與C中。remember to do something意為“記得(去)做某事”,remember doing something意為“記得做過某事”,由對(duì)話的語境可知,前者正確。
--How are you feeling here?
--It's quite hot. I don't knowto go or stay. [武漢]
A. how B. when C. whether D. where
[答案]:C。[解析]考查“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”的用法。根據(jù)句意“我不知道是走還是留下來。”故選C。
Many people think it's very importantuslearn English well. [貴陽]
A. for, to B. to, to C. with, for
[答案]:A。[解析]考查“主語+feel/think/ make/ find +it +adj. +for sb. +to do sth.句中it為形式賓語,to do是真正的賓語,”故此題答案為A。
The menu has so many good things! I can’t decide__________.[河北]
A. what to eat B. how to eat C. where to eat D. when to eat
[答案]:A 。[解析] 考查“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”的用法。根據(jù)句意“我不能決定吃什么?!惫蔬xA。
12.---My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don’t know ______________.
---Let’s read the instructions.[河南課改試驗(yàn)區(qū)]
A. what to use B. which one to use C. how to use it D. when to use it
[答案]:C。 [解析] 考查“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”的用法。根據(jù)句意“我不知道如何使用?!惫蔬xC。
13.It took my daughter two weeks ________the novels _______by Yand Hongying.[濰坊]
A. read; written B. to read; written C. reading; to write D. to read; wrote
[答案]:B。[解析] It takes +sb.+some time +to do sth.表示花費(fèi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事,novel與write的關(guān)系是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過去分詞,表示被動(dòng)。故答案為B。
Drivers are warned ________when they are tired.[佛山]
A. to drive B. not drive C. not to drive
[答案]:C。[解析]考查動(dòng)詞不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。否定形式是在to前面加not。故選C。
If you want to know _______the mobile phone, you’d better read the instructions first.[大連]
A. how to use B. how to make C. where to mend D. where to buy
[答案]:A。[解析] 考查“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”的用法。根據(jù)句意“如果你想要知道如何使用手機(jī)的話,你最好先看一看說明書。”故選A。
China will spend about 52 billion yuan ____new airports and __old ones in the west of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan period(時(shí)期).[07臨沂市]
A.repairing; building B to build;repair C.building;repairing D.to repair;build
[答案]C[解析]本題主要是考查動(dòng)詞spend的用法。spend...doing something意為“花費(fèi)……做某事”,由此可排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。再從句意上看,應(yīng)是“修建”新機(jī)場(chǎng),“維修”舊機(jī)場(chǎng)。
3. students should pay attention to ___________the teacher in class.[07泰州市]
A.hear B1istento C listening to D hearing of
[答案]C[解析]本題考查了介詞后跟動(dòng)詞的情況。 pay attention to意為“注意”,其中to是介詞,所以后面的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式。hear of意為“聽說”,與句意不符。
三、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語
原則上,所有的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式均可用作賓語補(bǔ)足語,其區(qū)別是:不定式表未來,現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行,過去分詞表完成和被動(dòng)。
【考例】Alice asked me another bag for her. [北京市課標(biāo)卷]
A. get B. got C. to get D. getting
[答案]:C。[解析] ask sb.to do sth.表示讓某人做某事,此句話的意思為:“愛麗絲叫我給她再帶一個(gè)包?!?/p>
Our parents often tell us notalone in the river in summer. [長(zhǎng)沙]
A. swim B. to swim C. swimming
[答案]:B。[解析]考查動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法。tell sb.to do sth.表示告訴某人做某事,tell后邊要加不定式,否定形式是在to前面加not,根據(jù)題意,應(yīng)選B。
---What did your sister say to you last night?
---She asked me _________my father her secret.[紹興]
A. to tell not B. not to tell C. don’t tell D. not tell
[答案]:B。[解析] tell sb.to do sth.表示告訴某人做某事,tell后邊要加不定式,否定形式是在to前面加not,根據(jù)題意,應(yīng)選B。
Betty is often seen _______the old man with his housework.[咸寧]
A. help B. to help C. helped D. helps
[答案]:B。[解析]考查感官動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to,look at,feel等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語中,動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不定式就成了主語補(bǔ)語,作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式必須加to。故選B。
Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them __________ how much they mean to us. [哈爾濱]
A. to know B. knowing C. know
[答案]:C。[解析]考查動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法。make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人……”,故選C。
---How do you feel when you see the national flag ofChina?
---It makes us ________proud.[包頭]
A. feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling
[答案]:A。[解析] 考查感官動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to,look at,feel等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語中,動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。故選A。
四、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞用作定語
【考例】—Shopping with me?
—Sorry. I have a lot of clothes. (2004江西省南昌)
A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.to be washed
[答案]: A
[命題立意]:本題考查動(dòng)詞不定式作定語的用法。
[試題解析]:作定語用的不定式的邏輯主語是句中主語或賓語時(shí),就用主動(dòng)式的不定式來表被動(dòng)意義。故選A。
五、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞用作狀語
【考例】--Linda, I am very thirsty.
--Let's go to the nearest supermarketsome drinks, OK? [重慶]
A. buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying
[答案]:C。[解析]考查不定式作目的狀語的用法。句意為:“咱們?nèi)プ罱某?jí)市場(chǎng)買些飲料。”
In order ________the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.[樂山]
A. makes B. making C. to make D. make
[答案]:C。[解析]考查動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。in order to do sth.表示“為了……”的意思,不定式作目的狀語。故選C。
一There goes the bell.
一It's time for class. Let's stop_________.[福州市]
A. talk B to talk C.talking D.not talk
[答案]C[解析] 動(dòng)詞stop后既可接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,即:stop to do sth,也可以接動(dòng)詞的一ing形式作定語,即:stop doing sth。前者表示停下來(開始)做后面的動(dòng)作,后者表示停止當(dāng)前的動(dòng)作。由語境“鈴響了,到了上課時(shí)間,應(yīng)停止交談”可知,應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。
【語法回顧】
動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。其主動(dòng)式有一般式、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成式和完成進(jìn)行式。其被動(dòng)式、進(jìn)行式和完成式。如下表:
時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) | 主動(dòng) | 被動(dòng) |
一般式 | to do | to be done |
完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
動(dòng)詞不定式主動(dòng)式的句法功能
1、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如:
To say something is one thing; to do it is another.說是一回事,做是另一回事。
To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/
It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中作主語時(shí),通常使用it作形式主語而真正主語則是不定式或不定式短語,以使句子保持平衡。例如:
It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。
It is not difficult to work out the problem.弄清這個(gè)節(jié)目的情況并不困難。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。
It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
這樣的句子中,由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。
2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。
2、動(dòng)詞不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。
3、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語
1)及物動(dòng)詞ask,agree,beg,care,choose,decide,expect,force,fail,hesitate,claim,hope,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,plan,prepare,promise,refuse,want,wish等要求動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。例如:
We want to learn some body language.我們想學(xué)習(xí)一點(diǎn)身勢(shì)語。
She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow.她已經(jīng)決定明天去廣州。
No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.沒有人能擔(dān)負(fù)起買如此昂貴的服裝。
4、動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
有的動(dòng)詞后接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語;有的動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
1)能以帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:ask,allow, get,warn,tell,invite,force, oblige, beg, wish,want, like, hate, expect, encourage, advise, persuade,permit, request, order, cause, know, call on等。例如:
Would you like me to help you? 你要我?guī)兔幔?/p>
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
2)用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at,feel,let,have,make等。但是,這類句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to仍保留。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
5、動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞、介詞的連用
(1)decide,find out, forget,know,learn,remember,wonder等動(dòng)詞常接“疑問詞+ 動(dòng)詞不定式”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),用作賓語。疑問詞一般是what,who(m),where,how,whether,why,which。例如:
Would you teach us how to drive a car? 你愿意教我們?nèi)绾伍_車嗎?
Let me tell you what to do now.讓我來告訴你現(xiàn)在該做什么。
當(dāng)賓語是不定式(短語)時(shí),如果其后有賓語補(bǔ)足語,則須用it作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語放在補(bǔ)語之后,即:“主語 +謂語 + it +賓補(bǔ)不定式(短語)”。常見的謂語動(dòng)詞有think, make, feel, find, etc.例如:
I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.我認(rèn)為沒有必要買那個(gè)大功能的計(jì)算機(jī)。
He found it important to study the situation in Russian.他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國(guó)形勢(shì)非常重要。
6、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。
7、動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語
不定式通常在句子里可作目的、條件、原因和結(jié)果狀語。
1)目的狀語
常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語,可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 見到你很高興。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和條件
He must be a fool to say so.他可定是傻子才這樣說。
You will do well to speak more carefully.如果你仔細(xì)說,你會(huì)做得更好。
III.不定式的否定和省略形式
一、不定式的否定
不定式的否定通常應(yīng)直接在不定式前加否定詞not。注:否定詞never也可構(gòu)成不定式的否定形式。
Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候,她假裝沒看見。
關(guān)于too......to.......表示否定的情況
表示“如此......以致不能......,”一般表示否定。例如:
He is too young to go to school.(=He is so young that he can't go to school.)他年齡太小,不能上學(xué)。
She was too excited to say a word.(=She was so excited that she could not say a word.)他激動(dòng)的連一句話也說不出來。
二、不定式的省略形式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后,感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不能省去to。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看見他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
比較:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以省去to be。例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
第二節(jié) 動(dòng)名詞
1、 動(dòng)名詞作主語
1) 動(dòng)名詞作主語與不定式作主語的區(qū)別。一般地說,動(dòng)名詞表示抽象的、一般的行為,尤其是強(qiáng)調(diào)多次性的動(dòng)作;不定式表示具體的、某一次的動(dòng)作,特別是將來的動(dòng)作。例如:
Checking information is very important.核實(shí)情況是非常重要的。
Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.學(xué)習(xí)一門外語,來說是非常重要的。
2、動(dòng)名詞作賓語
1) 有些動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語,不 能用不定式作直接賓語。如:admit, advise, avoid, consider,delay,finish, mind, miss, permit, practise, enjoy, resist,risk, appreciate, imagine, 例如:
He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天看完這本書。
Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考慮過找一位特別親密的朋友呢?
2)動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語的用法。
be used to, prevent......from, depend on,feel like, be fond of, be proud of, put off, give up, devote oneself to ,help yourself to, be busy in,be afraid of, apologize for 等。例如:
I don't feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路。
The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.綠色長(zhǎng)城將阻止風(fēng)刮走土。
注意: 動(dòng)名詞前的介詞有時(shí)可以省略。如: have difficulty (in) doing ; have no trouble (in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; prevent/stop......(from) doing; there is no use (in) doing等。例如:
I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.我發(fā)某些英語單詞的音有一些困難。
The heavy rain kept them from going out.大雨阻止了他們外出。
We must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.我們必須防止犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
3)有些動(dòng)詞即可用動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語,也可以用不定式作直接賓語,兩者有著截然不同的意義。
(1)like,love,prefer,hate......等表示喜愛、厭惡、偏好的情感動(dòng)詞,后跟不定式表示“僅一時(shí)的愛憎情感或指特定或具體某次行為”;后跟動(dòng)名詞表示“抽象性的一種傾向、愛好或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”例如:
I don't like to read this novel.我不喜歡看這本小說。
I don't like reading in bed.我不喜歡在床上看書。
I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我情愿工作而不愿閑坐著。
注意:這幾個(gè)詞前面有would, should 時(shí),后面都只跟不定式。例如:
Would you like to dine out? 你愿意在外面吃頓飯嗎?
(2)動(dòng)詞remember,forget,stop,go on,try,regret,can't help等既能以動(dòng)詞不定式又能以動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但表達(dá)的意思卻不同。與動(dòng)詞不定式連用時(shí),表示未完成的動(dòng)作。例如:
remember 后用動(dòng)名詞表示 “記起過去做過的一件事”;后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“記住要去做某一件事情”。例如:
Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
forget 后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示.“忘記要去做某件事情”;后用動(dòng)名詞表示“忘記過去做過的一件事情”。例如:
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著,他忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)
stop 后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示 “停下來做另一件事情”(停下來的目的);后用動(dòng)名詞表示“停止正在做的事情”。例如:
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來,抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
go on doing sth 表示“繼續(xù)不停地做某事”或“一件事沒有做完,停頓后繼續(xù)做下去;與原來所做的事相同?!崩纾?/p>
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后,他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后,接著做其他的練習(xí)
try 用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“設(shè)法去做某件事情”;后用動(dòng)名詞表示“試一試某種辦法”。例如:
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。
mean后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“打算、想要做某事”;后用動(dòng)名詞表示“意味著、意思是”。例如:
I meant to tell you yesterday,but you were not in your office.我打算昨天告訴你,但是你不在辦公室。
Missing the train means waiting for an hour錯(cuò)過這趟火車就意味著還要等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
can't help 后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“不能幫助做......”。后用動(dòng)名詞表示“禁不住....;不得不”。例如:
He couldn't help finishing it.他不得不把這件事完成。
We couldn't help to finish it. 我們不能幫助完成這件事。
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為"怕",be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的,意為"生怕,恐怕"。例如:
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
learn后跟不定式表示“學(xué)會(huì)了做某事”或“學(xué)著做某事”;跟動(dòng)名詞表示“學(xué)過做某事”,但不一定會(huì)了。例如:
He has learned to type.他學(xué)會(huì)了打字。(指會(huì)使用打字機(jī))
He has learned typing. 他學(xué)過打字。(他不一定會(huì)使用打字機(jī))
4)動(dòng)詞need, want, require,以及 be worth之后動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)含有被動(dòng)的意思,相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
His clothes need mending(to be mended).他的衣服需要縫補(bǔ)。
Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.老師說我們的這種學(xué)習(xí)方法需要改進(jìn)。
These babies will require taking good care of.這些嬰兒需要細(xì)心照料。
His talk is well worth listening to.他的報(bào)告很值得一聽。
3、動(dòng)名詞的否定形式的表達(dá)方式
動(dòng)名詞否定結(jié)構(gòu)由“not+動(dòng)名詞”構(gòu)成。
I regret not having worked(not working) hard at school.我后悔過去上學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)不努力。
It is no use buying books but not reading them.買了書卻不讀是沒有什么用處的。
第三節(jié) 分 詞
分詞是非謂語動(dòng)詞中的一種形式,是英語教學(xué)過程中的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),也是歷屆高考考查語法點(diǎn)之一。分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。它在句子里可作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語定語和狀語。但要注意分詞具有主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行的意味而過去分詞卻具有被動(dòng)和完成的意味。
一、分詞在句中的功能
1、分詞作表語
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,多表示主語所具有的特征或性質(zhì),意為“令人怎樣.......”,含主動(dòng)意味。如:astonishing,disappointing,exciting,amusing,frightening,interesting,surprising,relaxing,shocking,tiring,worrying,puzzle;ing,moving; 過去分詞作表語多表示主語的狀態(tài),意為“對(duì)什么感受怎樣”,有被動(dòng)意味。如:astonished,disappointed,excited,amused,frightened,interested,surprised,relaxed,shocked,tired,worried,puzzled,moved。例如:
Our trip was disappointing.我們的這次旅行讓人失望。
We was disappointed at our trip.我們對(duì)這次旅行感到失望。
This story is interesting.這個(gè)故事有趣。
I am interested in this story.我對(duì)這故事感興趣。
2、分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),也要注意主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的關(guān)系這種關(guān)系主要體現(xiàn)在賓補(bǔ)與賓語之間的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。
He's going to have his hair cut.他將要去理發(fā)。
I must get my bike repaired.我得去修理我的自行車。
動(dòng)詞have,let,make等也可帶用過去分詞表示的賓語補(bǔ)足語,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中主語通常不是分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。能帶分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞常見的有:see,feel,watch,make, let,have等。例如:
You often see musicians performing in the streets.你經(jīng)常看到音樂家在街上演奏。
We watched three old men sharing their food with each other.我們觀看三個(gè)老人相互分享他們的食物。
3、分詞作定語
不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)完成;及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng),
過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)。分詞的完成式一般不作定語。分詞作其他成分時(shí),也是如此。分詞作定語,單個(gè)的分詞作定
語一般前置;分詞詞組,個(gè)別分詞如given, left等,修飾不定代詞等的分詞,作定語需后置。例如:
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
分詞作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.
分詞: 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))
① 主要區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思;過去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復(fù)合賓語等。
[A] 作定語:分詞作定語時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如:
I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕)
The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly ,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊:捉小偷!)
Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)
He only gave me a broken glass, so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。(參考不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.) | 賓語 | 賓語補(bǔ)足語 |
keep(保持) / see(看到) /hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到) | sb./sth. | (do)ing |
如:
Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)
When I entered the room, I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)
In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))
[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如:
She came into the classroom, holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來到的口語考試)
[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過去分詞作表語的結(jié)構(gòu)有:be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如:
I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意:have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)
【語法過關(guān)】
1.Tom likes cars. He enjoys ______ model cars of all kinds.
A. collects B. collecting C. to collect D. collected
2.The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers ______ halfway.
A. stop B. to stop C. stopping D. stopped
3.I'11 give a talk tomorrow. I'm thinking about.
A. what to say B. how to say C. what can I say D. how can I say
4.My sister doesn't like the dress. She thinks it makes herfat.
A. look B. looks C. to look D. looked
5.You may be ____if you have a ___ problem.
A. exciting; excited B. excited; exciting C. worrying; worried D. worried; worrying
6。China's badminton team won the Sudirman Cup for the fifth time; they deserved_____.(湖北黃石)
A. to reward B. rewarding C. to be rewarded D. being rewarded
7。-- Mum, I'm hungry.
-- What about going to McDonald's ______ fried chicken?
A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. and eat
8.Your father is sleeping. You’d better ___________.
A. not to wake him up B. not wake him up C. not wake up him D. not to wake up him
9.If everyone makes a contribution _____ the environment, our country will become more beautiful.
A. to protect B. in protecting C. to protecting D. for protecting
10.I've made it possible for my computers the same programs by means of networking.
A. to share B. share C. shared D. shares
11.Internet bars mustn’t let people under 18 in or let anybody_ bad things.
A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches
12.—Shopping with me?
—Sorry. I have a lot of clothes .
A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.to be washed
13.I want to buy a digital camera online. Can you show me ______ the Internet?
A.search B.to search C.how to search D.what to search
14.It _______ Yang Liwei about 21 hours _____the earth 14 times in his spaceship.
A. spent, circling B. took, traveling C. spent, to travel D. took, to circle
15.The little girl saw the gorilla in the park with a toy bear.
A. to play B. playing C. is playing D. plays
16.How about ______ to the cinema on Sunday?
A.go B.to go C.going D.will go
17.Jim asked Lin Feng ______ forget to change water.
A.to not B.don't C.not D.not to
18.Listen! Can you hear a baby ________?
A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries
19.You’d better _________ on Sundays. It’s too crowded.
A. go shopping B. not go shopping C. not to go shopping D. to go shopping
20.The little girl was too frightened ________ a word.
A. not to tell B. not to say C. to tell D. to say
21.My watch doesn’t work. I must have it ________.
A. repaired B. repairs C. repair D. repairing
22.Stop ________ so much noise! My father is sleeping.
A. to make B. making C. to hear D. hearing
【參考答案】
1。答案B 解析:enjoy表示“喜歡”后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語。故選B。2。答案A 解析:make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人做某事”,make表示“使、讓”的意思,是使役動(dòng)詞,后接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。故選A。3.答案A 解析:依據(jù)上句“明天我將做一個(gè)講演”,我正考慮講什么, 是說的內(nèi)容,應(yīng)選what。 C、D語序不對(duì)。故只能選A。
4.答案A 解析:make后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
5。答案D 解析: 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,多表示主語所具有的特征或性質(zhì),意為“令人怎樣.......”,含主動(dòng)意味。過去分詞作表語多表示主語的狀態(tài),意為“對(duì)什么感受怎樣”,有被動(dòng)意味。分詞作定語時(shí),如果分詞的動(dòng)作是中心詞發(fā)出的,則要用現(xiàn)在分詞;如果中心詞是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者,則要用過去分詞。
6。答案C 解析:deserve表示“值得,應(yīng)當(dāng)受到”的意思,后接動(dòng)詞不定式。They與reward之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)選C。
7.答案B 解析:依據(jù)題意:去McDonald's吃烤雞怎么樣?用不定式表示目的,故選B。
8.答案B 解析:had better 后接動(dòng)詞原形,排除A、D;其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為:had better not do sth.
9.答案C 解析:make a contribution to 表示“為……作貢獻(xiàn)”,其中to為介詞,后應(yīng)接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
10.答案A 解析:依據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu):S+ V +it +adj. for sb. to do sth. it作形式賓語,其真正主語是動(dòng)詞不定式。故應(yīng)選A。
11.答案 A 解析:let是使役動(dòng)詞,后接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。故應(yīng)選A。
12.答案A 解析:作定語用的不定式的邏輯主語是句中主語或賓語時(shí),就用主動(dòng)式的不定式來表被動(dòng)意義。故選A。
13。答案C 解析:依據(jù)題意:我想買一部數(shù)碼照相機(jī),你能教我如何在因特網(wǎng)上搜尋嗎?show sb. how to do sth.故選C。
14.答案D 解析:依據(jù)It takes/took sb. sometime to do sth.句型,可判斷出此題應(yīng)選D。
15。答案B 解析:see sb.doing sth.表示“看見某人正在做某事”;see sb. do sth.表示“看見某人做某事”,強(qiáng)調(diào)看見的整個(gè)過程;故應(yīng)選B。16.答案C 解析:How about 后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。故選C。
17.答案D 解析:動(dòng)詞不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)為:not to do sth.故選D。
18。答案 C 解析:感官動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的不定時(shí),表示“整個(gè)過程”;接分詞,表示“正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”;依據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)選C。
19.答案B 解析:had better 后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。依據(jù)題意:你最好不要在星期天買東西,表示否定。故選B。
20.答案D 解析:too...to....表示“如此......以致不能......,”。故應(yīng)選D。
21.答案A 解析:it指代上句的my watch;與被修飾語存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,手表是由別人來修理,故用過去分詞。應(yīng)選A。
22.答案B 解析:stop后用動(dòng)詞不定式表示“停下來做另一件事情”(停下來的目的);后用動(dòng)名詞表示“停止正在做的事情”。依據(jù)題意:應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞;制造噪音,詞組為:“make noise”。故選B。
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