前言
申申老師中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法突破系列共8課時(shí)更新-都是我平時(shí)的授課資料
每個(gè)語(yǔ)法講解都是直接引入考點(diǎn)和相關(guān)真題并輔以超詳細(xì)的講解。不可錯(cuò)過(guò)的學(xué)習(xí)資料。
希望同學(xué)們能好好利用這些學(xué)習(xí)資料
到今天為止,本系列內(nèi)容全部更新完畢,
喜歡我相關(guān)文章的朋友請(qǐng)關(guān)注我頭條號(hào)查詢本系列其他文章。
第八章也是本系列的最后一章啦、中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考前突破系列簡(jiǎn)單句考點(diǎn)
【簡(jiǎn)單句命題趨勢(shì)與預(yù)測(cè)】
根據(jù)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句全國(guó)各地試題的分析可知,今后該部分將是重點(diǎn)考查點(diǎn)之一。其考查重點(diǎn)為:
1、簡(jiǎn)單句的反意疑問(wèn)句
2、復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句
3、祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句
【考點(diǎn)詮釋】
一、對(duì)疑問(wèn)句的考查
一___________do you usually fly kites?
一In the park.[北京市]
A Why B.How C When D.Where
[答案]D。[解析]考查疑問(wèn)副詞?;卮穑骸霸诠珗@”可知上句一定是“你通常在哪里放風(fēng)箏?”park表地方,故選D。
---The blue jacket looks nice on you. _________is it?
---It's 50 dollars. [吉林省]
A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often
[答案]B。[解析] how many多少(后面加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù));how tong多久;how often多久一次(提問(wèn)頻率)。 由關(guān)鍵信息50 dollars(50美元)可知選B。how much多少錢(qián)。
---________?
---He is tall. [陜西省]
A. How is he B. What does he like C. What is he D. What does he look like
[答案]D。[解析] 根據(jù)后文“他高”,其問(wèn)句必然是D項(xiàng)“他長(zhǎng)得怎么樣”,因?yàn)锳項(xiàng)表示“他好嗎”;B項(xiàng)表示“他喜歡什么”;C項(xiàng)表示“他是干什么的”。
–Sandy ,_________are you going for vacation?
--To Hainan Island. I prefer lying on the beach. [太原市]
A. where B. when C. what
[答案]A。[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)詞的用法。由答語(yǔ)"To Hainan Island”可以推斷問(wèn)句中的特殊疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)該是表示地點(diǎn)的where。而when是詢問(wèn)時(shí)間,what是“什么”均不合題意。
-- ________will your Dad be back from Dalian?
--In a week, I think.[07吉林省]
A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How far
B[解析] in a week"一周以后”,in+時(shí)間段,用how soon提問(wèn)。故能選B。
--______ are you talking about?
-- The Olympic Games in Beijing.
A. What B. Whom C. How D. Where (杭州)
解析:答案為A。題干第二句承前省略了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),該句的完整形式是We are talking about the Olympic Games in Beijing.同學(xué)們要注意,the Olympic Games in Beijing句中的in Beijing這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)是做后置定語(yǔ)修飾the Olympic Games,正確的理解是“北京的奧運(yùn)會(huì)”,而不是“在北京談?wù)搳W運(yùn)會(huì)”,因此選項(xiàng)A才是正確答案。
一、對(duì)反意疑問(wèn)句的考查
【考例】The air is fresh outside. Let's go and take a walk, _________?[昆明市]
A. will you B. shall we C. don't you D. aren't you
[答案]B。[解析] 這是一個(gè)let's引導(dǎo)的祈使句,表示建議,這樣的句子在構(gòu)成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí),在句末加shall we,所以B項(xiàng)正確。
There is some water in that bottle, isn't ________?[07蘭州市]
A. there B. it C. that
[答案]A。[解析]考查反意疑問(wèn)句。反意疑問(wèn)句不同于一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句,它由兩部分組成,前面部分為陳述句,后一部分為簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句。
——Few well-known singers came to the concert,did they?
一__________.Such as Andy Lau,Jay Chou and Kristy Zhang.[黃岡市]
A. No,they didn't B.Yes,they did C No,they did D.Yes,they didn't
[答案]B。[解析] 考查反意疑問(wèn)句。 在這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的句中,若前一部分有few、never、hardly等表示否定的詞。后一部分要用肯定形式?;卮饡r(shí),只要事實(shí)是肯定的就用Yes,只要事實(shí)是否定的就用No。
二、對(duì)祈使句的考查
祈使句是簡(jiǎn)單句中的一種類(lèi)型,通常用來(lái)表示命令、請(qǐng)求、禁止、建議、警告等語(yǔ)氣,在口語(yǔ)中十分常用。祈使句的用法是近幾年來(lái)各類(lèi)中考試卷中常考的熱點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)結(jié)合高考題,對(duì)幾種考點(diǎn)作以歸納。
【考例】
--_________kind girl Nancy is!
--Yes, she is always ready to help others. [南京市]
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
[答案]B。[解析]考查感嘆句。感嘆句用how和what引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞。
12.---It's reported that the 29th Olympic torch(奧運(yùn)火炬)is going to travel to 135 cities around the world.
---__ exciting the news is! And it will arrive at the opening ceremony (開(kāi)幕式)on August 8th,2008. [哈爾濱市]
A. What B. How C. What an
[答案]B。[解析]考查感嘆句,感嘆句一般用how或what引導(dǎo)。how修飾形容詞、副詞;what修飾名詞。
13. ________tall the boy is! He can play volleyball very well[長(zhǎng)沙市]
A. How B. What a C. What
[答案]A。[解析]考查感嘆句用how和what引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞。
14. --I hear that an old couple are traveling aroundChinaby bike.
--Oh, ___________ long way on their bicycles! They are so great. [河南省]
A. what a B. how C. what D. how a
[答案]A 。[解析]way是名詞,故用what引導(dǎo)感嘆旬,而way又是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),因此要在前面加不定冠詞a,所以A是正確答案。
15.一一____terrible weather it is!
——The radio says that it'll get ____later in the day|[揚(yáng)州市]
A.What a;bad B What;worse C.HOW;bad D.How a:worse
[答案]B 。[解析]terrible weather是一個(gè)名詞性詞組,所以應(yīng)由what來(lái)引導(dǎo)這個(gè)感嘆句,由此可否定C項(xiàng)與D項(xiàng),同時(shí),weather是不可數(shù)名詞,前面不能加冠詞a,可否定A項(xiàng)。從另一個(gè)角度來(lái)看,由句意也可判斷最后一句應(yīng)是比較級(jí)的句子。
【語(yǔ)法回顧】
簡(jiǎn)單句通常只由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成。
簡(jiǎn)單句一般分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。
陳述句
用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的敘述性句子叫陳述句。句末用句號(hào),讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。
1、陳述句肯定式的正常語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)前。例如:
We'll meet again tomorrow .我們明天再見(jiàn)面。
Last week we started our trip across this country.上星期我們開(kāi)始了橫跨這個(gè)國(guó)家的旅行。
2、陳述句否定式的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)在連系動(dòng)詞 be,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 have,助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,never......等否定詞構(gòu)成否定式。例如:
We mustn't waste any more time.我們決不能在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間了。
I've never been so afraid in all my life.在我一生中,我從來(lái)沒(méi)有這么害怕過(guò)。
當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 have“有”時(shí),其否定式可以有兩種:
Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.學(xué)生們通常在星期一沒(méi)有體育課。
Students don't usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.
(2)在行為動(dòng)詞前加 do (does,did)not(句中的行為動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用原形)構(gòu)成否定式。例如:
I didn't find Chinese easy at first. 起初,我發(fā)現(xiàn)中文不容易。
Sorry, I don't know much about him.對(duì)不起,我對(duì)他不大了解。
He doesn't like American movies very much.他很不喜歡美國(guó)電影。
(3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor,never,hardly,scarcely等否定意義的詞,可構(gòu)成陳述句的否定式,同時(shí)不能再用 not。例如:
I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前,我從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么精彩的比賽!
Many of the country people could neither read nor write.許多國(guó)家的人既不會(huì)寫(xiě)也不會(huì)讀。
There was no music or dialogue.沒(méi)有音樂(lè)或者對(duì)話。
He little knows what may happen.他一點(diǎn)也不知道可能要發(fā)生什么。
(4)在 have 作“有”解時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如用 not 則在賓語(yǔ)前常有a (an),any,many,much等詞;如用no,則不用這些詞而應(yīng)緊跟名詞。have 不作“有”解時(shí),通常按行為動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成否定式。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,have 總是按行為動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。例如:
They don't have any meeting in the afternoon.他們?cè)谙挛鐩](méi)有任何會(huì)議。
II.疑問(wèn)句
用來(lái)提問(wèn)的句子叫疑問(wèn)句,句末用問(wèn)號(hào)。疑問(wèn)句主要有四種:一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
1、一般疑問(wèn)句
1)一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成
陳述句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞be或have,構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)只須顛倒主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)序。例如:
She is a nurse. (她是一名護(hù)士。) Is she a nurse?(她是一名護(hù)士嗎?)
He has many friend.(他有許多朋友。) Has he many friends?/ Does he have many friends? (他有許多朋友嗎?)
陳述句的謂語(yǔ)部分是“助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),只將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移放在主語(yǔ)前面。例如:
The premier has been to our school. (總理去過(guò)我們的學(xué)校。)
Has the premier been to our school?(總理去過(guò)我們學(xué)校嗎?)
They can do it for us.(他們做這個(gè)為我們。)
Can they do it for us? (他們能為我們做這個(gè)嗎?)
陳述句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成一般問(wèn)句時(shí),要用“Do / Does / Did +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成這一結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上只用于“現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)態(tài)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)態(tài)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”的情況。例如:
The students read English every morning.(學(xué)生們每天早晨讀英語(yǔ)。)
Do the students read English every morning? (學(xué)生們每天早晨讀英語(yǔ)嗎?)
She often helps them. (她經(jīng)常幫助他們。)
Does she often help them? (她經(jīng)常幫助他們嗎?)
He bought a car last month.(他上個(gè)月買(mǎi)了一輛車(chē)。)
Did he buy a car last month?(他上個(gè)月買(mǎi)了一輛新車(chē)嗎?)
2)一般疑問(wèn)句的回答
一般問(wèn)句要用升調(diào)。一般要求用Yes或No來(lái)回答;有時(shí),也可用其他表示肯定或否定的詞或相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)回答,如:perhaps, certainly, of course, all right, I think so, surely; never, sorry, not yet, certainly not, not at all, I'm afraid not等。例如:
"Do you want to study English?"你想學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎? " Yes, I do."“是的,我想學(xué)?!?/p>
若表示肯定“我想學(xué)”,也可以回答:Certainly.或Of course.意為“當(dāng)然”。
當(dāng)回答: No, I don't.“不,我不想學(xué)” 時(shí),還可以回答:Certainly not.(當(dāng)然不想)或Not at all.(一點(diǎn)兒不想學(xué))
3)一般問(wèn)句的否定形式
一般問(wèn)句也有否定形式,肯定回答時(shí)用“Yes, +肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”;否定回答時(shí),用“No,+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。請(qǐng)注意這種語(yǔ)境中Yes和No與漢語(yǔ)的譯義邏輯關(guān)系。例如:
"Don't you want to stay with me? 你不愿意和我呆在一起嗎?
“Yes, I do.不,我愿意?!保ā癗o, I don't.是的,我不愿意?!保?/p>
2、特殊疑問(wèn)句
特殊疑問(wèn)句是以疑問(wèn)代詞(who, whom, what, which)、疑問(wèn)形容詞(which, what, whose)或疑問(wèn)副詞(when, where, how, why)開(kāi)頭。特殊疑問(wèn)句一般用降調(diào)。
1)特殊疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成
如果疑問(wèn)代詞是問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)或以“疑問(wèn)形容詞+名詞”為問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ),這個(gè)問(wèn)句就用正常的陳述句語(yǔ)序。例如:
Who is your teacher? 誰(shuí)是你的老師?
Which team won the championship? 哪個(gè)隊(duì)贏得了冠軍?
疑問(wèn)句除作問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)以外,其余情況一律用“疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”的語(yǔ)序。例如:
Whose is this shirt?(Whose shirt is this?)這襯衣是誰(shuí)的?
Why does he often go there? 為什么他經(jīng)常去那兒?
What did he tell you? 他告訴你什么?
如果疑問(wèn)詞是介詞的賓語(yǔ)這個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句就可以有兩種情況:
To whom did you give the letter? 你把這封信給誰(shuí)?Whom(Who) did you give the letter to?
3、選擇疑問(wèn)句
選擇疑問(wèn)句是要求從所提出的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)項(xiàng)目中選擇一個(gè)答案。朗讀時(shí),前面的項(xiàng)目用升調(diào),最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目用降調(diào)。選擇問(wèn)句有兩種類(lèi)型:
1)類(lèi)似一般問(wèn)句的類(lèi)型,即“一般問(wèn)句+or+省略的一般問(wèn)句”。例如:
"Is it right or wrong?" "It's right."對(duì)的還是錯(cuò)的?它是對(duì)的。
"Do you want to go by bus or by train?" "By bus." 你想乘公共汽車(chē)還是乘火車(chē)?乘公共汽車(chē)。
"Do you want the wall painted yellow, white or green?" "White"你想把墻刷成黃色的、白色的還是綠色的?白色的。
2)類(lèi)似特殊疑問(wèn)句的類(lèi)型,即“特殊疑問(wèn)句+or+省略的特殊疑問(wèn)句”。例如:
"Which coffee would you like, black or white?"“你要哪一種咖啡?清咖啡還是加牛奶的?”“清的?!?/p>
{注意}上面結(jié)構(gòu)中所說(shuō)的“省略”均指的是問(wèn)句中相同部分的省略,選項(xiàng)絕對(duì)不能省略。如果句中沒(méi)有重復(fù)的部分省略就是不可能的。如下面這個(gè)句子就不能寫(xiě)成省略的形式。
Are you a teacher now or have you not finished college yet? 你現(xiàn)在是教師,或是還沒(méi)有大學(xué)畢業(yè)?
選擇的項(xiàng)目可以用不同的方式提出,即所表達(dá)的意思一樣而表達(dá)的方式可以不同。例如:
Is it right or wrong? (wrong前省略了"is it")
Is it right or not? (not前省略了"is it", 后省略了"right")
Is it or isn't it right? (or前省略了"right")
4、反意疑問(wèn)句
1、當(dāng)前面陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是“this,that”時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it代替;當(dāng)前面陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是“these,those”時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they代替;當(dāng)前面陳述部分是感嘆句時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)感嘆句強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況用it、they、he、she等。例如:
This is very important, isn't it? 這很重要,不是嗎?
2、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是“There be......”句型時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句仍用there。例如:
There is a radio on the table, isn't there? Yes, there is.桌子上有一臺(tái)收音機(jī),不是嗎?是的,有一臺(tái)。
3、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是“I am+表語(yǔ)”時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句常用“aren't I”。例如:I'm late, aren't I?
4、當(dāng)不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)及主語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)前面陳述部分的主語(yǔ)時(shí),反意問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)用it。例如:
What you need is more practice, isn't it? 你需要的是多練習(xí),不是嗎?
To learn English well isn't easy, isn't it? 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是不容易,不是嗎?
Swimming is great fun, isn't it? 游泳很有趣,不是嗎?
5、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句,那么疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該跟主句的謂語(yǔ)所用的形式一致。例如:
You needn't do that when your maid is here, need you? 當(dāng)你的女仆在這兒時(shí),你不需要做這個(gè),是嗎?
6、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是everything, anything,something,nothing等不定代詞時(shí),反意問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)一般用it。例如:
Everything is all right, isn't it? 一切都正常,不是嗎?
7、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是由“I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; we are sure that;We are afraid that; I feel sure that; We feel sure that”構(gòu)成時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句與主要信息的賓語(yǔ)從句相一致。例如:
I'm sure you'll help her, won't you? 我確信你會(huì)幫助她,不是嗎?
8、當(dāng)前面陳述部分中含有否定意義的前綴和否定意義的后綴的單詞時(shí)(hopeless,careless,unfit,dislike,irregular,impossible,disagree,unsuccessful,incomplete,inactive,inexact,dishonest,unhealthy,unhelpful,uninterested,unpleasant等),反意疑問(wèn)句用否定形式。例如:
He is unfit for his office, isn't he? 他不稱(chēng)職,不是嗎?
9、當(dāng)前面陳述部分句首的前面有so,oh時(shí),句子所帶有的感情色彩更加明顯,反意疑問(wèn)句與前面主句謂語(yǔ)一致。在語(yǔ)法上這種情況應(yīng)叫修飾性疑問(wèn)句,其語(yǔ)調(diào)從頭至尾應(yīng)是降調(diào)。例如:
So you are getting married, are you? 你的確是要結(jié)婚,是嗎?
So you don't like my cooking, don't you? 你真的不喜歡我的烹飪,難道不是嗎?
10、當(dāng)前面陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是縮寫(xiě)的'd時(shí),應(yīng)視情況判斷其縮寫(xiě)是would,could,had還是should。有's時(shí),具體判斷是is還是has的縮寫(xiě)。例如:
You'd like some coffee, wouldn't you? 你想在來(lái)點(diǎn)咖啡,不是嗎?
11、注意判斷陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),反意疑問(wèn)句從人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上應(yīng)與陳述部分主語(yǔ)相一致。例如:
None of the food was wasted, was it? 沒(méi)有食物浪費(fèi),是嗎?
None of the workers arrived on time, did they? 沒(méi)有工人按時(shí)到,是嗎?
12、當(dāng)前面陳述部分中含有must表示推測(cè)時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)和時(shí)間確定其反意疑問(wèn)句的形式,其后的反意疑問(wèn)句中不能重復(fù)must。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的肯定推測(cè)用be與主語(yǔ)相一致;對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定推測(cè)用have與主語(yǔ)相一致;對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定推測(cè)中含有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常用did。例如:
You must be tired, aren't you? 你肯定太累了,不是嗎?
He must work hard, doesn't he? 他肯定工作努力,不是嗎?
You must be joking, aren't you? 你肯定是開(kāi)玩笑,不是嗎?
They must have finished the experiment yesterday, didn't they? 他們昨天肯定做完實(shí)驗(yàn)了,不是嗎?
13、陳述部分以第一人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)I / We+ don't think(expect, believe, guess, imagine, suppose) + that 從句時(shí),反意問(wèn)句與從句相一致,用肯定式,因否定已前移。否則,主句是由其他人稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),仍與主句相一致。例如:
I suppose you know the meaning of this word, don't you? 我想你知道這詞的意義,不是嗎?
I don't think he can finish the work on time. can he?我認(rèn)為他不能按時(shí)完成工作,是嗎?
14、當(dāng)前面陳述部分是I wish to do......時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用may I;當(dāng)前面陳述部分是Neither you nor I am a doctor時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用are we;當(dāng)前面陳述部分是Let us do......時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用will you或won't you;當(dāng)前面陳述部分是let's do ......時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用shall we;當(dāng)前面主句是否定祈使句時(shí),用will you;當(dāng)陳述部分以Let's not開(kāi)頭時(shí),其后的反意疑問(wèn)句用ok或all right;以Let them (him,the boy, her......)開(kāi)頭時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用will you。例如:
Let's have a rest, shall we? 咱們休息一會(huì)兒,好嗎?
Let us have a look at it, will you? 讓我們看一看它,行嗎?
I wish to go home now, may I? 我想現(xiàn)在回家,行嗎?
15、當(dāng)前面陳述部分中含有l(wèi)ittle, few, hardly, seldom, never, none, nothing, no, scarcely時(shí),反意問(wèn)句用肯定形式。
He seldom writes to you, does he? 他很少給你寫(xiě)信,對(duì)嗎?
You have nothing else to say, have you? 你沒(méi)有什么要說(shuō)的了,對(duì)嗎?
16、當(dāng)前面陳述部分中的謂語(yǔ)是used to時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句常用usedn't或didn't,有時(shí)也可見(jiàn)到用usedn't。例如:
He used to live in London, use(d)n't he / didn't he?他過(guò)去居住在倫敦,是嗎?
17、當(dāng)前面陳述部分中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是have當(dāng)“有”講時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句中可用have或其他助動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)相一致。當(dāng)have不當(dāng)“有”講時(shí),只能用其他助動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)相一致。
She has a brother, hasn't (doesn't) she? 她有一個(gè)弟弟,不是嗎?
You have lunch at home, don't you? 你在家吃午飯,不是嗎?
They had a good time in the park, didn't they? 他們?cè)诠珗@過(guò)得很愉快,不是嗎?
18、由于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must具有推測(cè)性和非推測(cè)性,指客觀情況的是非推測(cè)性用法而指說(shuō)話人的主觀看法是推測(cè)性用法。當(dāng)前面陳述部分的must是非推測(cè)性用法時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句分別用mustn't或needn't相對(duì)應(yīng)。
1)當(dāng)must表示“必須”時(shí),其后的反意疑問(wèn)句用mustn't。
We must work hard, mustn't we?我們必須努力學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)嗎?
2)當(dāng)must表示“必要”時(shí),其后的反意疑問(wèn)句用needn't。
We must learn from her, needn't we? 我們應(yīng)該向她學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)嗎?
3)當(dāng)must表示“禁止”時(shí),其后的反意疑問(wèn)句用must或 may 。
I mustn't tell it to him, must (may) I? 我不能把這事告訴他,對(duì)嗎?
4)當(dāng)must表示“詢問(wèn)”時(shí),其后的反意疑問(wèn)句用will。
You must come to see us, will you? 你一定要來(lái)看望我們,好嗎?
19、當(dāng)前面陳述部分主語(yǔ)是everyone,everybody,anybody,anyone,someone,somebody,no one, nobody, each, one等不定代詞時(shí),反意問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they,也可用he。
Everybody knows the answer, don't they? 每個(gè)人都知道這個(gè)答案,不是嗎?
III、祈使句
英語(yǔ)句子按其使用目的來(lái)分類(lèi)可以分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句四大類(lèi)型。祈使句作為這四大類(lèi)型之一,有其特有的用法和表達(dá)形式。
一、祈使句的用法
1、祈使句又叫命令句,通常被用于表示命令、請(qǐng)求或禁止的語(yǔ)氣。例如:
Speak a little more slowly, please! 請(qǐng)講慢一點(diǎn)。(表請(qǐng)求)
Don't play football on the road! 不要在公路上踢足球。(表禁止)
Get out! 滾出去?。ū砻睿?/p>
2、此外,祈使句可用于表示邀請(qǐng)、建議、指路等。例如:
Have another moon cake, please.請(qǐng)?jiān)俪詨K月餅。(表邀請(qǐng))
Be careful! It's dangerous.當(dāng)心! 那很危險(xiǎn)。(表警告)
Go along this road, and take the second turning on the right.沿著這條路往前走,路右側(cè)第二個(gè)路口就是。(表建議)
3、祈使句也可用來(lái)表?xiàng)l件,常用于“祈使句+and / or +陳述句”句型中。例如:
Take more exercise and you'll feel healthy.多鍛煉身體,你就會(huì)身體健康。
Hurry up, or you'll be late.快點(diǎn),否則會(huì)遲到的。
二、祈使句的表達(dá)形式
1、以原形動(dòng)詞引起祈使句。這類(lèi)句子是以原形動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭,它的主語(yǔ)通常是第二人稱(chēng)(you),習(xí)慣上常省去,具體說(shuō)來(lái)又可分為“do 型”和“be 型”兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
(1)“do 型”,即“行為動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)(+其它成分)”構(gòu)成。例如:
Look after them, please.請(qǐng)照顧好他們。Do it like this.這樣做。
(2)“be 型”即由“Be+表語(yǔ)(+其它成分)”構(gòu)成。例如:
Be quiet, boys and girls.孩子們,請(qǐng)安靜。
Be careful, there's a dog behind you.小心你身后有一只狗。
以上結(jié)構(gòu)的祈使句構(gòu)成否定時(shí),常以don't置于句首構(gòu)成,即:
(1)“Don't +行為動(dòng)詞原形+(其它成分)”。例如:
Don't worry, I can help you.別著急,我會(huì)幫助你。
Don't climb the tree, it's too high.不要爬樹(shù),那樹(shù)太高了。
(2)“Don't +be+表語(yǔ)(+其它成分)”。例如:
Don't be late for school next time.下次上學(xué)別遲到。
Don't be at home.不要呆在家中。
2、含有l(wèi)et的祈使句可分為兩種類(lèi)型。一種是“Let+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Let me help you.讓我來(lái)幫助你。Let him carry the box.讓他搬這箱子。
Let Lin Tao clean the room.讓林濤打掃房間。
這種句型從類(lèi)型上分,完全屬于“do 型”祈使句。它的否定式也是在let前加don't。例如:
Don't let him in.別讓他進(jìn)來(lái)。Don't let the boy climb the tree.別讓那個(gè)男孩爬樹(shù)。
還有一種let構(gòu)成的祈使句是以let's開(kāi)頭的,它是一種特殊形式的祈使句,它并不是“命令、請(qǐng)求”對(duì)方做某事,而是說(shuō)話者要與對(duì)方一起去做某事,常譯為“咱們......”。例如:
Let's go to the park with Tom.咱們和湯姆一起去公園吧。
Let's begin our class.咱們開(kāi)始上課吧。
注意:Let's構(gòu)成的祈使句的否定形式不是在前面加Don't,而是在Let's后面加not。例如:
Let's not stay here.咱們別在這兒。Let's not go there any more.咱們?cè)賱e去那兒了。
因此,要注意Let's構(gòu)成的祈使句并不是Let us的省略形式,它們屬于兩種不同形式的祈使句。這在變反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)也能看得出:“Let's......”構(gòu)成的祈使句附加部分應(yīng)為shall we?而“Let us”形式的祈使句的附加部分應(yīng)為Will you?。例如:
Let him come here, will you? 讓他近來(lái),行嗎?
Let's get there at eight, shall we? 咱們八點(diǎn)到那里,行嗎?
3、以No開(kāi)頭的祈使句。這類(lèi)祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)為“No + V-ing”,它通常用于公共場(chǎng)所禁止、警告的提示語(yǔ),表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
No parking! 不準(zhǔn)停車(chē)!
No smoking, please! 請(qǐng)勿吸煙!
4、有時(shí)在口語(yǔ)中,為了表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔,直接用名詞引起一個(gè)祈使句。例如:
One moment, please! 請(qǐng)稍等!Hand up!舉起手!
5、有的祈使句中出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ),目的是為了指明向誰(shuí)提出請(qǐng)求或命令等。例如:
Tom, listen to me.湯姆,聽(tīng)我說(shuō)。Take a seat, Mr. Green.格林先生,請(qǐng)坐。
有時(shí)是為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣或表示厭煩、不高興的情緒。例如:
Don't you be late again.你可別再遲到了。(加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣)
You get out of here.你給我滾出去。(表氣憤)
IV、感嘆句
感嘆句的基本句型
What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句, what為形容詞, 后接名詞。例如:
What+(形容詞)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/ 不可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞!
What lovely boys they are! 他們是多么可愛(ài)的孩子!
What fine weather it is! 多么好的天氣??!
What+不定冠詞a(an)+(形容詞)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞!
What a fine day it is! 多么好的天氣啊!
How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句,How為副詞,后接形容詞或副詞。
How+形容詞 / 副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞!
How beautiful the flowers are!那些花多美呀!
How well they fit!它們多合身??!
注意:a)“What + a(an)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換成“How +形容詞+不定冠詞a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!
b)How也可以修飾句中的動(dòng)詞—?jiǎng)釉~保留在原陳述句的謂語(yǔ)位置上。例如:How I used to hate painting!我以前多么不喜歡畫(huà)畫(huà)?。?/p>
【語(yǔ)法過(guò)關(guān)】
1.—You lent me some money a few months ago.
--_____? I don’t remember lending you any money.
A. Did I B. Did you C. Do I D. Do you
2.-- _______ is it from here to Yancheng Railway Station?
--About two kilometers.
A. How often B. How far C. How soon D. How long
3.-- Are you going to borrow a dictionary or a magazine?
-- ______.
A. Yes, a dictionary B. No, a magazine C. A dictionary D. Yes, both
4.-- _____ do you like Chinese food?
--Very much.
A. What B. Why C. How D. For what
5."Tom, afraid of speaking in public. You are no longer a small boy, "said Mum.
A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. don' t be
6.__________ is your telephone number?
— 865 2738.
A. How B. What C. How many D. How much
7.________ did you like the trip to Hainan? -It was wonderful.
A. When B. How C. Where D. What
8.______ is this machine for?
A.How B.Why C.Which D.What
9.—It’s a secret between us. Don’t tell anybody.___________.
A.I do B.I don’t C.I will D.I won’t
10.Be ________, and you will do well in the English exam.
A. careful B. polite C. sure D. friendly
11.--Let's go and play football, ______?
-- That's wonderful.
A. will you B. do you C. won't we D. shall we
12.Few people knew how to use the Internet in the past,_____?
A. did they B. didn't they C. did he D. didn't he
13. —Why is Tom absent?
—He must be sick, _____?
A. isn’t he B. must he C. is he D. mustn’t he
14.I don’t think he could have done such a stupid thing last night, _____?
A. do I B. could he C. did he D. has he
15. Most students used to listen to their teachers in class and completely obey their teachers, _____?
A. used they B. weren’t they C. didn’t they D. did they
16. -- ________terrible weather it is!
--It is said that it will get ________ later.
A. What ; good B. What ; better C. What a ; better
17. _________fine weather it is today!
A. What a B. How C. How a D. What
18.______ long the bridge is! Let me drive you over it.
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
19.---important tool the computer is!
---I think so.
A. What a B. How C. What an D. How an
20.--- _______ day it is!
--- Let’s go out and enjoy the sunshine!
A. What a lovely B. How windy C. What a rainy D. How wet
【參考答案】
1。A[解析] 本題考查疑問(wèn)句的省略。對(duì)前句產(chǎn)生的疑問(wèn),前句是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行描述。故選A。2.B[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)詞的選用。由答語(yǔ)可知,是對(duì)距離的疑問(wèn)。故應(yīng)用How far。
3.C[解析] 本題考查選擇疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)。依據(jù)問(wèn)句:你要借一本字典還是一本雜志?應(yīng)是肯定的答語(yǔ)。
4.C[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)句的疑問(wèn)詞的選用。由答語(yǔ)Very much可知是對(duì)程度提問(wèn)的,應(yīng)由how提問(wèn)。
5.D[解析] 本題考查“be 型”祈使句的否定形式。這是“be 型”祈使句,其否定形式是“Don't +be+表語(yǔ)(+其它成分)”。因應(yīng)選D。
6.B[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)句的用法。當(dāng)詢問(wèn)某個(gè)東西是什么時(shí),用what引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句提問(wèn)。
7.B[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)句的用法。表示喜愛(ài)的程度,故用How。
8.D[解析] 本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)句的用法。疑問(wèn)句除作問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)以外,其余情況一律用“疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”的語(yǔ)序。
9。D[解析] 本題考查祈使句的答語(yǔ)。依據(jù)題意:這是我們兩人的秘密,別告訴任何人。我會(huì)的。其意為:我不會(huì)告訴別人的。
10.A[解析] 本題考查祈使句的用法。be careful 表示“提醒某人做某事要注意”的意思,其它三項(xiàng)均不符合題意。
11.D[解析] 本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的用法。當(dāng)前面陳述部分是let's do ......時(shí),反意疑問(wèn)句用shall we。故選D。
12。A[解析] 本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的用法。當(dāng)前面陳述部分中含有l(wèi)ittle, few, hardly, seldom, never, none, nothing, no, scarcely時(shí),反意問(wèn)句用肯定形式。故應(yīng)選A。13.A解析]本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的用法。此處是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè),附加疑問(wèn)句要用isn’t he?
14.C解析]本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的用法。陳述部分為主從句的復(fù)合句,且主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是I think, I suppose, I believe, I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)往往要與從句的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致,并要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。
15.. C解析]本題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的用法。當(dāng)陳述部分含有used to時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句可用use(d)n’t或didn’t。
16.B。[解析] 考查感嘆句。weather為不可數(shù)名詞,前不加a。
17.D。[解析] 感嘆句有兩種:What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞,How+形容詞/副詞。本題中weather為不可數(shù)名詞,前不能加a。
18.C。[解析]本題考查感嘆句的用法。What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句, what為形容詞, 后接名詞。How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句,How為副詞,后接形容詞或副詞。由題干long可知,是對(duì)形容詞感嘆。故選C。
19.C。[解析]本題考查感嘆句的用法。依題干是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行感嘆,故用what,important第一個(gè)字母讀音是元音,其不定冠詞用an。
20.A。[解析] 本題考查感嘆句的用法。對(duì)名詞感嘆時(shí)。應(yīng)用what。由后句enjoy the sunshine可知,答案應(yīng)選A。
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