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Rachel Whiteread（瑞秋·懷特瑞德，生于1963年4月20日），英國藝術(shù)家，主要制作雕塑，通常采取的形式強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換。她1993年獲得特納獎，是第一位得獎的女性藝術(shù)家。Rachel Whiteread的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中，最經(jīng)典且最為任欣賞的就是負(fù)空間的玩法。
Rachel出生于伊爾福德，埃塞克斯，并住在埃塞克斯郡的鄉(xiāng)村，直到她7歲的時候，全家搬到了倫敦。她的母親也是一個藝術(shù)家，死于2003年，她的死對Rachel的工作產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
1982年至1985年懷特瑞德就讀于布萊頓理工學(xué)院藝術(shù)和建筑學(xué)院，她畢業(yè)時拿的是繪畫學(xué)士學(xué)位，但她花了很多時間在做雕塑。從1985年至1987年，她在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院斯萊德藝術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)雕塑，1987年碩士畢業(yè)。
Table, 1989.
她的首次個展在1988年，但她正式敲響藝術(shù)圈的大門，得到青睞，則是她在1990年時的作品Ghost“鬼魅”。咋看之下，雪白的石膏堆疊出一個建筑空間，看不出重點何在。其實，這是一間空屋的鑄模。
Ghost,1990.
如何掌握看不到摸不著的“空間”？Rachel做法很直接，就是“打造空間”。我們常掛在口上的四個字，她直接做出來勒。她一層一層上模，一寸一寸留住墻面、地板、窗框、門片的痕跡，成了一塊一塊代表了室內(nèi)“空氣”的方磚。再將這些方磚循序堆疊，于是一個房子里的“空間”，無形的、透明的、飄忽地，被她“留住”并在另一空間“重現(xiàn)”。幾行字輕描淡寫制作過程，實際上是一場人仰馬翻的浩大工程。當(dāng)時，連水電都要靠鄰居接濟(jì)的Rachel，四處尋找資金，并多方尋覓合適的地點。最后，連下餐飯在哪都不知道的她，找到勒一個廢棄的維多利亞（1837-1901）建筑里的一個房間，簡單的四方空間里有一個暖爐，這時許多在倫敦求學(xué)的學(xué)生熟悉的場景：為了省錢，住在房東將客廳蓋成房間，一個介于起居室和臥室之間的空間，同時吸納了原有住民的公共空間記憶，和異地求學(xué)學(xué)生在大都市里暫且棲身的記憶。超過百年的老房子，墻面已經(jīng)非常脆弱，Rachel在上模的過程中，還要時時修補(bǔ)墻面，這些過程，都在她的方磚上留下痕跡?；饻鐭熛谋跔t，電源開關(guān)，窗緣墻角，每一條直線斜縫，都如此精確真實。這是房子的年輪，這是房子的記憶，歷史，鬼影。如同她自己說的，她試圖將空氣木乃伊化：“I try to mummify the air in the room.”
Untitled (Double Mattress Yellow), 1991.
Untitled (Double Amber Bed), 1991.
Untitled (Room), 1992.
Door, 1992.
Study for 'House', 1992.
1993年，她擴(kuò)大了規(guī)模，她的野心是將東倫敦一座即將被拆毀的建筑整個上模、灌入水泥鑄造。一樁三層樓的維多利亞住宅，原建筑物被拆毀后，Rachel在此重建了“看不見的房屋”，原住宅內(nèi)部的空間輪廓。在已消失的主體位置上，如今矗立著內(nèi)容物。這件作品引起兩級評價。
House，1993.
Untitled (Sixteen Spaces), 1995 ,Resin (16 units) ,Dimensions variable.
Stairs, 1995.
Demolished, 1996,Set of 12 prints,55.4 × 80.8 cm.
1997年，她受前輩Bruce Nauman激發(fā)，做了一系列凝固椅下負(fù)空間的雕塑 Untitled (One Hundred Spaces)。
1998年，她將紐約一座水塔以合成樹脂鑄模而成，讓水塔內(nèi)的水剝除金屬外殼，在陽光下閃耀半透明光澤。
Water Tower, 1998, Resin and steel,340.4 x 243.8 cm.
Untitled (Pair), 1999,Bronze with cellulose paint, in 2 parts,93 × 203 × 79 cm,Edition of 12.
Untitled (Bronze Floor), 1999-2000, Patinated bronze (98 tiles) ,50 x 50 cm each,350 x 700 cm.
2000年她制作了位于維也納的猶太廣場屠殺紀(jì)念碑，又稱為Nameless Library，她將一座圖書室用水泥重現(xiàn)，并將原本“向內(nèi)”的四面書墻，向外反轉(zhuǎn)，成了一座向大眾展開的圖書館，旨在針砭焚書的暴行和紀(jì)念在納粹大屠殺中慘遭不幸的猶太人。一本本再也打不開的書，一具具再也無法翻閱的靈魂。它的存在就是為了不斷警惕人們牢記悲痛的歷史。
Black And White Floor, 2001.
Untitled (Fire Escape), 2002, Mixed media ,736 x 547 x 600.5 cm.
Untitled, 2002.
Stairs, 2003.
Secondhand, 2004,Stereolithography and acrylic box,18 × 23 × 28 cm,Edition of 400.
Study for Village – 1st, 2004.
Untitled, 2004,Ink and collage on graph paper,59.7 × 41.9 cm.
Untitled, 2004,Gouache, ink and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.
Untitled, 2004,Ink and collage on graph paper,29.2 × 21 cm.
Untitled, 2004,Gouache and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.
Untitled, 2004,Gouache and collage on paper,15.2 × 10.2 cm.
FOLDED, 2004,Plaster,10.2 × 29.2 × 38.7 cm.
IN OUT- II, 2004, Plasticised plaster with interior aluminum framework ,200.98 x 80.01 x 8.89 cm.
2005年，Tate美術(shù)館將高達(dá)四五層樓的Turbine Hall交給Rachel，她運(yùn)用一貫地“捕捉被容納的空間”的手法，做出14000個被收納在紙箱里的空間，Turbine Hall頓時成了記憶的倉庫。一個一個雪白的聚乙烯方塊，咋看之下難以分辨有何不同，仔細(xì)一看，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)每一個都留著原本紙箱的折痕印記，每一個都獨一無二。
REMAINDER, 2005,Plaster,50.2 × 126.4 × 120 cm.
PRESSED, 2005,Plaster, steel and laminated wood (one table, twelve plaster units),108 × 120 × 65.4 cm.
UNIT, 2005,Plaster and wood,92.7 × 69.9 × 29.2 cm.
PROP, 2005,Plaster,205.1 × 81.3 × 38.7 cm.
TWO LEFT, 2005,Plaster,46 × 36.2 × 41.3 cm.
ATTIC, 2005,Plaster and wood (two wooden tables, eighteen plaster units),108 × 26.7 × 76.2 cm.
Untitled, 2005.
Study, 2005, Plaster and wood ,91.5 x 187 x 54 cm.
Cabinet II, 2006 ,Metal and plaster (one metal cupboard and 43 plaster units),45 x 47 x 44.4 cm.
Two Windows, 2007.
SIT, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and steel (seven units and one chair),75.6 × 48.3 × 49.5 cm.
Untitled (Hive) I, 2007-08,Resin (two parts),81.6 × 50.6 × 64 cm.
Untitled, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin and bronze (four units),26.4 × 24.4 × 21.6 cm.
YELLOW EDGE, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and resin (four units),19.5 × 38.6 × 47 cm.
Untitled (Mix), 2007-08,Plaster, pigment and resin (thirty-nine units),32.1 × 67.6 × 61 cm.
YELLOW, YELLOW, BLUE, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (five units, one shelf),14.9 × 60 × 24.9 cm.
GREEN MODEL, 2007-08,Plaster, pigment, resin, stainless steel, wood and metal (twelve units, one shelf),38.1 × 89.9 × 24.9 cm.
YELLOW MODEL, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (seven units, one shelf),14.4 × 39.8 × 20 cm.
Untitled, 2008,Plaster, pigment, stainless steel, wood and metal (three units, one shelf),28.9 × 39.8 × 20 cm.
FELL, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin and bronze (twelve units),17.5 × 140 × 68.1 cm.
'139', 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin, wood and metal (four units, one shelf),18.6 × 39.8 × 20 cm.
CAIRN, 2008,Plaster, pigment, resin and stainless steel (five units),17.5 × 27.5 × 23.8 cm.
GHOST, GHOST I, 2008,Polyurethane (fourteen parts),76.5 × 84.8 × 62.5 cm.
WHITE, YELLOW, RED, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,66 × 85.1 × 4.1 cm.
GREEN, BLACK, GREEN, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,66.4 × 85.1 cm.
Metallic, Black, Yellow, 2008,Gouache, pencil and collage on paper,55.9 × 76.2 cm.
COLOURS, 2008,Plaster, pigment, wood and metal (ten units, one shelf),18.1 × 39.8 × 20 cm.
Untitled (Nets), 2009,Screenprint,32 × 125 cm,Edition of 75.
Lamp, 2009,Bronze, porcelain, light bulb,41.4 × 8.4 × 8.4 cm,Edition of 60.
Squashed, 2010,Mixografía? print on handmade paper,68.6 × 94 cm,Edition of 42.
50 Stone, Cement, Plaster, 2010,Gouache and pencil on graph paper,58.9 × 84.1 cm.
Untitled (I), 2010,White concrete,44 × 44 × 37.3 cm.
5 Stone, Cement, Plaster, 2010,Gouache and Pencil on graph paper,21.1 × 29.5 cm.
Untitled 01 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.
Untitled 02 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.
Untitled 10 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.
Untitled 13 from 12 Objects, 12 Etchings, 2010,Etching,39 × 37.5 cm.
Untitled (Mauve), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.
Untitled (Blue), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.
Untitled (Yellow), 2012,Silver leaf, cardboard, celluloid, and graphite on paper,42.1 × 29.5 cm.
Circa 1610, 2012,Resin,178 × 81 × 5.1 cm.
Circa 1665, 2012,Resin,211.9 × 84 × 8.6 cm.
Detached I, 2012,Concrete and steel,200 × 171.9 × 109.1 cm.
Detached II, 2012,Concrete and steel,194 × 172.3 × 234 cm.
Detached III, 2012,Concrete and steel,196.1 × 171.9 × 294 cm.
LOOK, LOOK, LOOK, 2012,Resin,189.5 × 39.5 × 14.9 cm.
Box, 2013,Bronze,57 × 33 × 31 cm.
Ocular (I), 2013,Resin,49.1 × 49.1 × 9.5 cm.
Clerestory II, 2014,Resin (two parts).
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