錯詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞時態(tài)、非謂語動詞、連詞、介詞、主謂一致、代詞、詞形（指應(yīng)該用動詞、名詞還是形容問形式,以及平行結(jié)構(gòu)中詞的正確形式）、冠詞.缺詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在冠詞（名詞前）、介詞（不及物動詞后或固定結(jié)構(gòu)中）、助動詞、不定式符號to,連詞、語義不完整現(xiàn)象等方面.多詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在冠詞、介詞、助動詞、連詞、語義重復(fù)及行文邏輯等方面.一、試題特征
設(shè)錯類型分兩大類：語法錯誤和邏輯錯誤,語法錯誤包括詞法錯誤和句法錯誤.錯詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞時態(tài)、非謂語動詞、連詞、介詞、主謂一致、代詞、詞形（指應(yīng)該用動詞、名詞還是形容問形式,以及平行結(jié)構(gòu)中詞的正確形式）、冠詞.缺詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在冠詞（名詞前）、介詞（不及物動詞后或固定結(jié)構(gòu)中）、助動詞、不定式符號to,連詞、語義不完整現(xiàn)象等方面.多詞現(xiàn)象主要出現(xiàn)在冠詞、介詞、助動詞、連詞、語義重復(fù)及行文邏輯等方面.下表為近兩年高考短文改錯詞法設(shè)置的主要考點：
二、解題思路
（一）注意英語詞匯的曲折變化從歷年高考短文改錯的命題看,考查英語的曲折附加成份占有相當大的比例.
所謂曲折變化即是各種詞形的變化,它是拼音文字特有的表現(xiàn)形式,如：動詞的曲折變化,名詞的曲折變化,代詞的曲折變化,形容詞副詞的曲折變化等,而漢語則無這種變化.因此在復(fù)習(xí)時,應(yīng)充分了解各種詞性的曲折變化,針對性地進行專門訓(xùn)練.
1．考查英語動詞多變的外在形式,包括時態(tài)的曲折變化、現(xiàn)在第三人稱單數(shù)、被動語態(tài)的曲折變化、非謂語動詞的曲折變化等.
A．非謂語動詞錯誤
1) I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future! (NMET 2005福建)
析：see改為seeing.look forward to 中to為介詞,后接動名詞.
2) I may just listen to music; I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts. (NMET
2004全國卷II)
析：giving改為given,過去分詞做定語.
3) In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good (NMET 2005湖北)
析：feel改為feeling,考查keep sb. doing
4) I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room (NMET
2005江西)
析：shone改為shining."with＋名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).
B. 時態(tài)錯誤
1)
Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become strangers at once. (NMET2004)
析：talked改為talk,由后半句可知.
2) I will write again and send you the photos we take together. (NMET 2005)
析：take改為took
C. 語態(tài)錯誤
1) When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. (NMET2005重慶)
析：destroying改為destroyed.
2) After the drive, it was cost just over $ 2 to put the car back into perfect cond至t至on.
(NMET 2005安徽)
析：去掉was.此處cost不用被動語態(tài).
2.考查英語名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化
1) And I came to understand that knowledge, could change my life (NMET 2005遼寧）
析：knowledge,改為knowledge.
2) I used to love science class-all of them biology, chemistry, geography, physics. (NMET
2001春季)
析：class改為 classes,山后半句可知.
3．考查英語代詞的變化
1) I felt very pleased with me. (NMET 2005天津）
析：me改為myself.
2) This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost was regarded "the best car in the
world".（NMET 2005安徽）
析：This改為It, it代替that從句.
4．考查比較形容詞、副詞的變化
1) It is real a good chance to have met all of you here. (NMET 2005福建）
析：real改為really.
2) It is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. (NMET 2005重慶)
析：foolishly改為foolish.
3) (After learning the basics of the subject,) nothing else seemed very practically to me. (NMET 2001春季)
析：practically改為practical,形容詞作表語.
5. 考查詞性、詞形誤用.不同的句法功能要求使用與之相適應(yīng)的詞性、詞形.
1) There have been reports in America
about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes. (NMET2004卷III)
析：person改為personal,形容詞做定語.
2) Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience. (NMET1998)
析：important改為importance.
3) I would describe myself as shy and quietly.(NMFT 2001)
析：quietly改為quiet, describe... as后用形容詞.
（二）考查短文中的行文邏輯錯誤
針對此類試題,考生必須對全文整體理解并根據(jù)上下文,才能發(fā)現(xiàn)問題所在.考生要根據(jù)前后文的選擇、因果等其他關(guān)系確定使用適當?shù)倪B詞.同時不要忽視and—but;and—or;
not對于整個句意的邏輯關(guān)系所造成的根本變化,這也是命題的慣用手法.例如：
1) We liked the dishes you bad cooked but we were happy to learn the English songs you
taught us. ( NMET2007,山東)
析：but改為and.上下文為并列關(guān)系.
2)
Unfortunately, I won't be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. (NMET 2001)
析：although改為as because. 上下文為因果關(guān)系.
3) He told me that I'd probably have a heart attack while I started eating less. (NMET
2005廣東)
析：while改為unless.
4) First, let me tell you something more about myself. (NMET1997 )
析：去掉more,
more與句首first邏輯不符.
（三）短文改錯中的一致現(xiàn)象
短文改錯中所涉及的一致關(guān)系主要包括主謂一致,即謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式要與句子主語保持一致；時態(tài)一致,即句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與該句中的時間狀語或上下文乃至全文的時態(tài)保持一致；代詞指代一致,即代詞所指代的內(nèi)容要與該先行詞在性和數(shù)方面以及要與其自身的指代在意義上保持一致.例如：
1．代詞指代一致
l) Some
students may also save up for our college or future use. (NMET 2005)
析：our改為their.主語為some students.
2) More people start a stamp collection of your own (and discover an interest which can
even last a lifetime). (NMET 2004浙江)
析：your改為their,注意代詞和主語的一致.
2.主謂一致
1) Having fun with their friends make them happy. (NMET 2005湖北)
析：make改為makes,
動名詞做主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù).
2) I did a good job and won the first prize. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in
the library. (NMET 2000)
析：由and連接兩個并列成分,如果不是指同一個人或物,或一體性的物如knife
and fork等,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式.故將is改為are.
3．時態(tài)一致
1) They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my
studies so that I'll get goal marks in all my subjects. (NMET2001)
析：根據(jù)全文時態(tài),應(yīng)將did改為do.
2) During the World Cup in 2002. my dad stays up late just to watch his favorite sport.
(NMET 2005浙江)
析：stays改為stayed.
（四）注意短文改錯中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)象
平行結(jié)溝是指兩個或更多的詞、詞組或從句具有相似或相等的句法功能.在表達相互平行的概念時．要使用相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu),即動詞與動詞相配,形容詞與形容詞相配,分詞與分詞相配,不定式與不定式相配,短語與短語相配.平行結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常借助于并列連詞and,
but,or或連詞詞組not only...but also... , not... but...,either... or...,neither...
nor...,as well as等.例如：
1) I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world. (NMET 2005遼寧)
析：felt改為feeling,和going并列.
2) We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. (NMET 2005江蘇)
析：keep,改為kept,和named并列.
（五）“畫龍還須點睛”.短文改錯中的缺詞錯誤分析
1．缺系動詞
I'd like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country. (NMET 1997)
析：like to后加be.
2．缺介詞
But I have spent most my money, so I cannot even go out of town. (NMET 2004)
析：my前加of.
3．缺冠詞、物主代詞等限定詞
1) I hope you've had pleasant journey home. (NMET 2005)
析：pleasant前加a.
2) Ten minutes later, the firemen came and put out fire. (NMET 2001)
析：fire前加the,
4.在定語從句中缺關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞
People do not know each other often become friends after they have played together. (NMET 1990)
析：people后加who,此句缺少定語從句引導(dǎo)詞.
5. 缺連接詞
I told Mother. Father, Sister, all my friends（here what a great time I had）. (NMET 1995)
析：all前加and,最后兩個并列成份之間要用并列連詞.
6．缺否定詞
He is a kind-hearted man and he will refuse to help others at any time.
析：Will后應(yīng)加not,根據(jù)邏輯可知.
7. 缺不定式符號to
My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good
education. (NMET2001)
析：make前加to.不定式表示目的.
8．缺少助動詞
Why you think so tinny people still suffer from poverty now? (NMLT 2001廣東)
析：Why后加do.
（六）“畫蛇何須添足”.短文改錯中的多詞錯誤分析
1.受母語思維影響,出現(xiàn)漢語式結(jié)構(gòu),造成冗言冗言錯誤的形成主要來自漢英差異的模糊.
對英語慣用語在使用上的細微差異缺乏了解.主要考查程度副詞和頻率副詞,如much,
more,often等的多余；同意的重復(fù)現(xiàn)象；句子結(jié)構(gòu)中多余的詞以及由于受漢語的影響,多用了某些詞語等.例如：
1) Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. (NMET 2000)
析：去掉often,因為whenever表示“無論什么時候”,若用often顯得重復(fù).
2) I'll spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. (NMET 2000春季)
析：all與the whole重復(fù).只能保留一處,由于此處不表示特指,故只能去掉all.
3) Clever as she is, but she works very hard．(NMET 2004福建)
析：去掉but前一句是讓步狀語從句.
2．不明詞義內(nèi)涵,造成詞義重疊
1) I was a few miles far away from anywhere on a cold, wet night. (NMET 2005江西)
析：去掉far, far和a few miles語義重復(fù).
2) All of us were sitting around the fire in the living room, listening to one of grandma's
best favourite stories.
析：去掉best或favorite, best意為“最好的”, favorite意為“最喜歡的”,語義重復(fù),所以只保留其中的一個.
3．多介詞
1) Will you join in the tourist group organized by our school? ( NMET 2005山東)
析：去掉in.
2) But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability. (NMET 2005江蘇)
析：去掉for.
3) I won't be able to come in this time. (NMET 2000北京春季)
析：去掉in.作狀語的時間名詞前有this,
that, these, those, one, all, next, last, tomorrow, yesterday, any, some, every, each等修飾時,其前不能使用介詞.
4．多冠詞
We have made a great progress. (NMET 2005福建)
析：去掉a, progress不可數(shù).
5．定語從句中的成分重復(fù)
1) There are a lot of things I haven't time to do them.
析：去掉them, them和被省略的定語從句引導(dǎo)詞重復(fù).
2) He has made a great discovery which I think it is of great importance to science.
析：去掉it, it和which重復(fù).
6. 固定搭配中多限定詞
1) Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. (NMET 2000)
析：去掉a,句中是固定搭配,表示“（忽然）看見”.
2) …in any other words, I am an only child. (NMET2001)
析：去掉any, in other words為固定搭配,意為“換句話說”.
7．多不定式符號to
Some students may also to save up for their colleges or future use. (NMET 2005)
析：去掉to,情態(tài)動詞后用動詞原型
8．形容詞副詞前多修飾語
Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better. (NMET
2005廣東)
析：more改為much.more不能用來修飾better.
三、短文改錯題的解題策略
（一）解題步驟
l.通讀全文,掌握大意
短文改錯不同于單句改錯,它涉及行文邏輯及句子與句子間必要的聯(lián)系錯誤.單獨看可能是對的,但從整體看卻與上下文不符.做短文改錯時應(yīng)該樹立整體意識,應(yīng)從短文整體入手,短文改錯實際上間接地考查考生的文意理解和糾錯能力,所以考生必須在閱讀并且在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯誤.因此,事先應(yīng)該先快速粗讀一遍短文,留心文中關(guān)鍵的詞句,把握文章的大意及上下文之間的聯(lián)系,為下一步判斷和改錯奠定基礎(chǔ).
2．整句理解,逐行分析.
因為短文改錯題的特征是分行設(shè)置錯誤的,而不是以句子為一個單位設(shè)置錯誤.考生在進行改錯時必須在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上,對照上下文逐行逐字細讀,分行判斷理清句意,找出上下文之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系及其行文邏輯關(guān)系,推斷字里行問的含義,檢查句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整,語氣是否連貫等.在細讀全文時,抓住短文改錯的規(guī)律,分析要以句子為理解單位,挖掘錯誤卻要以行為單位.總之,在分析句子過程中,考生應(yīng)對每句話的句子成分進行分析,根據(jù)上文講的錯誤類型確定正確答案.
3．復(fù)讀全文,檢查核對
回頭重讀全文驗證答案,將初步改錯的短文再次細讀,檢查并驗證所做的答案是否能使語氣貫通流暢,行文邏輯發(fā)展是否合乎情理,語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴密完整.在復(fù)讀檢查過程中,既要看清詞和句子,更要注意整體的邏輯關(guān)系,特別是上下文的聯(lián)系,既要重視文字、句子的字面意思,又要弄清文字段落的內(nèi)在含義和內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系及篇章結(jié)構(gòu).還要特別留意文章的意思是否連貫通順,是否符合邏輯.
（二）須注意的問題
1.在訓(xùn)練和考試中要嚴格按照題例要求和解題說明,用規(guī)定的符號去改錯.不要用文字去說明或用箭頭去表示,更不能隨意在原題中亂劃.
2．注意一些改錯原則
1)標點符號不改.
2)詞序錯誤不變.
3)大小寫不改.
4)改錯只能是一一對應(yīng),不能把兩個或更多的詞改為一個詞.
5)必須用相近或相反的詞更換名詞或動詞等實詞.
3．在平時高三復(fù)習(xí)過程中,要系統(tǒng)掌握英語語法知識,并能正確運用.注意收集平時易犯錯誤,重視歸納總結(jié),熟悉錯誤類型.短文改錯與書面表達的訓(xùn)練要相互滲透.在寫作時,要注意培養(yǎng)自己的糾錯能力.考題中的錯誤五花八門,但只要有了一定的水平,什么樣的試題都能應(yīng)付.所以練習(xí)短文改錯時,應(yīng)盡量從正面入手,牢牢掌握正確的規(guī)則.
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