語法（1）
1. since引導的時間狀語從句的用法：
since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。但在It is+時間＋since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時。
e.g. It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing.
我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss wasin Beijing. 我們老板離開北京有五個月了。
2. however的兩種句型結構：
①however+主語＋謂語。
e.g. However you travel, it'll take you at least three days.
不管你怎么走，至少要三天。
However you come, be sure to come early.
你不管怎么來，一定要早來。
②however+形容詞或副詞＋主語＋謂語。
e.g. However much he eats, he never gets fat.
無論他吃多少，他都不發(fā)胖。
However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都會去游泳。
有時該結構中的主語和謂語可以有所省略。
e.g. He was of some help, however small.
不管多小的忙，他總能幫些忙。
I refuse, however favorable the condition.
不管條件多好，我都不接受。
3. though, although 表示“雖然，縱然”之意。這兩個連詞意思大致相同，在一般情況下可以互換使用。
在口語中，though較常使用，although比though正式，二者都可與yet, still或nevertheless連用，但不能與but連用。
e.g. I will remain firm though I must lower my physical sights.
盡管我得降低體育（鍛煉）的目標，但我的意志是堅強的。
Though I believe it, yet I must consider.
盡管我相信這一點，但我還得考慮考慮。
Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working.
他雖然已經精疲力竭了，但仍然繼續(xù)工作。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong.
雖然他年紀大了，但身體還很健壯。
注意：although引導的讓步狀語從句位于主句之前的情況較多，though引導的讓步狀語從句可位于主句之前或主句之后。
e.g. She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 雖然她不太用功學習，考試卻及格了。
4. 代詞it作形式賓語的基本句式結構：
①動詞＋it+that-clause.
e.g. I take it (that) he will come on time,我認為他會準時來的。
②動詞（and/think/consider/make. )+it+adj. /n. +to do/doing
e.g. He makes it a rule never to borrow money. I think it no need talking about it with them.
他立志決不向別人借錢,我認為沒必要跟他們談。
I don't felt dificult to understand the Special English.
我覺得理解慢速英語并不難。
③動詞＋prep. +it+that-clause.
e.g. I can't answer for it that he will come. 我不能保證他會來。
You may rely on it that he'll come to meet you. 你放心，他會來接你的。
說明：能用于此結構的動詞不多，常見的有see to,look to,insist on,stick to,dependon,answer for等。that引導的賓語從句不能直接作介詞的賓語。
④動詞＋it+介詞短語＋that-clause.
e.g. We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.
多虧了你才沒有發(fā)生嚴重事故。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我認為他會幫助我們的。
⑤動詞＋it+when/if-clause.
e.g. I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.
我討厭母親要我吃雞蛋。
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不愛聽你吹口哨。
I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math. 如果您能給我指點一下數(shù)學，我將感激不盡。
I'd prefer it if I didn't have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作，那就太好了。
注意：能用于此結構的動詞不多，常見某些表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的動詞，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等。
5. rather作為副詞，有多種意義，尤其要注意下面的意義及用法。
①rather adv:意為“而是：更確切地說；還不如說；相反”。
e.g. Twenty million years ago, Idaho was not the arid place it is now. Rather, it was warm and damp, populated by dense primordial forest.
2 000萬年前，愛達荷州并不像現(xiàn)在這樣干旱。相反，那時的愛達荷州溫暖潮濕，有大片的原始森林。
②or rather意為“更確切地說”。
e.g. She lives in London, or rather she lives in a suburb of London.
她住在倫敦，更確切地說，是在倫敦近郊。
I explained to him how far things had got, or rather had not got.
我向他說明形勢發(fā)展到何種程度，更確切地說，向他說明形勢沒有發(fā)展到何種程度。
6. 英語中though, whatever, whereas都能引導狀語從句，但在語義上容易給學習者造成混淆，而nevertheless是副詞，不能引導從句，但可以放在句首或句中。
①nevertheless adv. 意為“不過；然而；仍然；盡管如此”。
e.g. There had been no indication of any loss of mental faculties. His whole life had nevertheless been clouded with a series of illnesses. 沒有跡象表明他的智力受到了損害，但是他的一生卻是疾病纏身。
②whatever conj. 意為“不管什么；無論什么；任何······的事物；凡是······的東西”。
e.g. Whatever you want to chat about, we'll do it tonight.
不管你想聊些什么，我們今晚聊個夠。
Franklin was free to do pretty much whatever he pleased.
富蘭克林幾乎可以做自己喜歡做的任何事情。
③whereas conj. 意為“然而”。
e.g. Pensions are linked to inflation, whereas they should be linked to the cost of living. 養(yǎng)老金與通貨膨脹掛鉤，然而它們其實應該和生活費用掛鉤。
She has authentic charm whereas most people simply have nice manners.
她散發(fā)出真正的魅力，而大多數(shù)人只是舉止優(yōu)雅。
7. 以下動詞后，通常只能跟不定式作賓語：
appear, arrange,
attempt, choose,
claim, condescend,
consent, demand,
determine, endeavor,
fail, hesitate, hope,
neglect, pretend,
proceed, promise, prove,
resolve, seem, swear,
tend, threaten, undertake,
volunteer, vow, wish.
e.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
8. because/since/as/for的區(qū)別：
①because引導的原因狀語從句一般放于主句的后面，because從句位于句首時要用逗號分開，放在句末時，可不用逗號分開。
because表示直接原因，語氣最強，最適合回答why引導的疑問句。
because of 也表示原因，但它后面不接從句，只能接名詞、代詞或動名詞。
注意：because和so不可同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子里。
e.g. We went by bus because it was cheaper.
=It was cheaper so we went by bus.
我們乘坐公交車去，因為它便宜。
②since引導的原因狀語從句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、顯然的理由（通常被翻譯成“既然”，意同now that),較為正式，語氣比because弱。
e.g. Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
你既然今天有空，那可以輔導一下我的數(shù)學。
Now(that) you are grown up, you should not rely on sour parents.
你既然已經長大了，敏不要依懶你的父母了。
③as引導原因狀語從句時表示附帶說明“雙方已知的原因”，含有對比說明的意味，語氣比since弱，較為正式，位置較為靈活（常放于主句之前）。
e.g. As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi. 下雨了，你最好打個車。
I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我很累，所以我睡覺很早。
④for引導的是并列句，表示原因，但并不說明主句行為發(fā)生的直接原因，而只提供一些輔助性的補充說明，for引導的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必須用逗號將其與主句隔開。
e.g. He could not have seen me, for I was not there.
他不可能見過我，因為我不在那。
9.“動詞＋on”的常見搭配：
agree on(upon)同意：達成協(xié)議
blame on把·····歸咎于（某人）
concentrate on(upon)漿精會神，全神貫注
congratulate.on因······而祝賀；因······慶幸
decide on(upon)對······做出決定，選定
rely on(upon)依靠，指望
feed(-)on用······喂養(yǎng)，以······為主食
live on(upon)靠······為生
act on(upon)照·····行事；對······起作用；按照······行動
e.g. The medicine acted on his fever at once.這藥立刻使他退了燒。
They blamed the accident on me. 他們把事故歸咎于我。
She couldn't concentrate on a book very long. 她不能長時間聚精會神地讀書。
I congratulated him on passing his driving test. 我祝賀他通過駕駛考試。
You can't count on Tom being punctual. 你不要指望湯姆會守時。
The family lived upon a small income. 這家人靠少量收入生活。
Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help. 現(xiàn)在我們日益依賴計算機的幫助。
10. 形容詞作后置定語的用法
①一些特定意義的形容詞作定語時，需放在被修飾的名詞之后。如present（出席的），proper（適當?shù)?，純粹?/span>），necessary(必要的），復雜的），opposite（相對的），proper(適當?shù)?，純粹的）?/span>absent(缺席的），，concerned(有關的，焦急的），involved(有關的，復雜的），nearby(附近的），responsible(有責任的；應負責的）等。
e.g. The professors present at the meeting came from Sichuan University.
出席這次會議的教授們來自四川大學。
The man responsible should be their manager.
負責任的應該是他們的經理。
All of the information necessary to build a whole organism resides within a single cell. 生物體成長所需的全部信息都存在于一個細胞內。
②部分以a-開頭的表語形容詞，如alive,alike,alone,awake等，有時也可以作定語修飾名詞。此時，須將該形容詞置于被修飾的名詞之后。
e.g. She was the only person awake at that night.
她是那天晚上唯一醒著的人。
You are the happiest children alive.
你們是當代最幸福的孩子。
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