九色国产,午夜在线视频,新黄色网址,九九色综合,天天做夜夜做久久做狠狠,天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁2021a,久久不卡一区二区三区

 

        有很多種，其中主要的有直閃石、透閃石、角閃石、藍(lán)閃石、鈉閃石、鈉鐵閃石等。閃石也是一種晶體，具有玻璃光澤。它們呈長(zhǎng)柱狀或纖維狀。含鐵時(shí)礦物會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出不同色調(diào)的綠色，如普通角閃石呈深綠色。有幾種閃石還有另一個(gè)我們熟悉的名字——石棉。閃石是火成巖和變質(zhì)巖的主要造巖礦物。

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

顯微鏡下閃石的晶體

 

 

 

`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        石英是在地下熱液中結(jié)晶出來(lái)的，人們現(xiàn)在可以用類似的方法人工合成水晶，合成的晶體可重達(dá)數(shù)公斤，而且還可以合成帶有多種顏色的水晶。石英中的一種叫瑪瑙，有一種瑪瑙的形成非常有意思，叫水膽瑪瑙。水膽瑪瑙外表看不出它有什么，就像一塊石頭，但是搖動(dòng)它可聽(tīng)見(jiàn)里面有水的聲音。如果把它剖開(kāi)來(lái)，里面果真會(huì)有水流出。原來(lái)里面是空心的，除了水以外，還生長(zhǎng)著一簇簇的石英晶體。

 

 

```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

花崗巖

        是大陸地殼中的主要巖石之一，大多分布在地殼的上層?；◢弾r中含量最多的是長(zhǎng)石和石英，一般要超過(guò)80%。它有很多種顏色。因?yàn)樗锩娴木w都很大，看上去就是由無(wú)數(shù)顆粒組成的，所以說(shuō)它是粒狀巖石。石英是花崗巖中的主要礦物，一般占20-50%。花崗巖中的暗色物質(zhì)主要是黑云母。
有些花崗巖很有趣，它們的內(nèi)部會(huì)出現(xiàn)空洞，叫晶洞。洞內(nèi)會(huì)有一簇簇的石英、電氣石、綠柱石等晶體。這是由于花崗巖漿冷卻結(jié)晶過(guò)程中收縮時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的?；◢弾r的巖體會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些紋理，這些紋理在以后自然力的多種作用下會(huì)變成裂紋，進(jìn)而崩塌分離，形成奇峰峭壁等自然景觀。我國(guó)的黃山旅游勝地就是由花崗巖形成的。
科學(xué)家經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，在地下20公里深度溫度可達(dá)到約630℃，壓力可達(dá)400個(gè)大氣壓，在這樣高溫高壓的條件下，地殼中的固態(tài)物質(zhì)開(kāi)始發(fā)生熔化，產(chǎn)生花崗巖漿。此外也有些花崗巖是由其他巖石經(jīng)過(guò)一系列復(fù)雜變化而形成的。
我們已經(jīng)知道產(chǎn)生某種巖石的地方也可能或必然產(chǎn)生某些礦產(chǎn)，與花崗巖直接或間接有關(guān)的礦物主要有鎢、錫、鈾、金、銅、鉬、鉛、鋅等?；◢弾r不僅堅(jiān)硬而且美觀，常被當(dāng)作建筑物的高級(jí)材料。

`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        跟花崗巖差不多，都是在地下很深的地方形成的，它主要是由堿性長(zhǎng)石組成。與正長(zhǎng)巖有關(guān)的礦產(chǎn)主要是鐵、鈾、稀土等。有些正長(zhǎng)巖是很好的建筑材料，顏色淺一些的正長(zhǎng)巖還可作陶瓷原料。

```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        也像花崗巖那樣的粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)，它的數(shù)量不多，在火成巖中只占不到2%。有的閃長(zhǎng)巖直接來(lái)自巖漿的結(jié)晶作用，有的是通過(guò)其他巖漿發(fā)生變化形成的。閃長(zhǎng)巖與銅礦的形成有關(guān)系。

        在商業(yè)被人們稱為“黑花崗巖”，是良好的建筑材料。輝長(zhǎng)巖主要由輝石和長(zhǎng)石組成，它也是一種中?；虼至r石。輝長(zhǎng)巖廣泛存在于地球及月球上。磁鐵礦、鈦鐵礦、鎳、鉻、鉑等礦物常常與輝長(zhǎng)巖伴生在一起。輝長(zhǎng)巖通常為塊狀構(gòu)造，部分輝長(zhǎng)巖具層狀構(gòu)造，反映了巖漿分離結(jié)晶過(guò)程中礦物成分或粒度的規(guī)律性變化，層狀輝長(zhǎng)巖多見(jiàn)于其他雜巖中。

````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

局部顯微圖像

層狀構(gòu)造

        是一種深色粗粒且比較重的巖石，它里面含有的橄欖至少在10%以上，并且還富含鐵、鎂等礦物。天然金剛石產(chǎn)于金伯利巖中，而金伯利巖則是由橄欖巖變成的，所以說(shuō)橄欖巖是天然金剛石的基本來(lái)源。新鮮的橄欖巖呈橄欖綠色，它在潮濕、溫暖的環(huán)境中會(huì)被風(fēng)化而變成土壤。

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        是一些帶有斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)的火成巖的總稱。這些斑其實(shí)就是早期巖漿中結(jié)晶出來(lái)的，常見(jiàn)的是石英和長(zhǎng)石。斑與斑之間的物質(zhì)叫基質(zhì)，它是一些更細(xì)的結(jié)晶產(chǎn)物，形成于晚期。與斑巖有關(guān)的金屬礦產(chǎn)，常稱為斑巖銅礦、斑巖鉬礦、斑巖鎢礦、玢巖鐵礦等。有些半風(fēng)化的斑巖，因含人體所需的多種微量元素，而被稱為藥石，說(shuō)出它的名字，我們會(huì)覺(jué)得很熟悉——麥飯石。

````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        跟輝長(zhǎng)巖的成分差不多，但它形成得比較淺，不像輝長(zhǎng)巖那樣深。根據(jù)含有的不同成分，有多種。如含石英多的叫作石英輝綠巖；含沸石、正長(zhǎng)石等的，稱堿性輝綠巖等。輝綠巖是上等建筑材料。

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        一般呈板狀插在巖石的裂縫中，這種狀態(tài)被稱為巖墻。這是由地下巖漿順著巖石的裂縫向上涌進(jìn)并凝固產(chǎn)生的。因此，巖墻與兩側(cè)的巖石會(huì)是不一樣的。因?yàn)樗秩氲搅芽p中，所以又叫侵入巖?；桶邘r顏色深，富鐵鎂礦物，如橄欖石、輝石、角閃石和黑色云母等；礦物形成的晶體大、數(shù)量多，閃閃發(fā)亮引人注意?；桶邘r很容易被風(fēng)化和分解，變成碳酸巖、綠泥石、蛇紋石和褐鐵礦等。
鉀鎂煌斑巖可含金剛石，澳大利亞西部阿吉爾火山通道就因鉀鎂煌斑巖富含金剛石（每噸巖石中含1.03克）而著名于世。

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

        起源于火山噴流出來(lái)的天然玻璃，那是由巖漿流出地面后快速冷卻凝固所形成的。黑曜巖具有玻璃一樣的光澤，比我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪薪佑|到的人工制造的玻璃要硬一些。一般情況下黑曜巖都是黑得發(fā)亮的顏色，但如果它里面摻進(jìn)了氧化鐵，就會(huì)發(fā)紅或褐色，如果有微小的氣泡則會(huì)產(chǎn)生金黃色。大多數(shù)黑曜巖與火山巖生在一起。黑曜巖和松脂巖、珍珠巖都統(tǒng)稱為酸性火山玻璃巖。古代的人們利用黑曜巖當(dāng)鏡子，由于黑曜巖的斷口常呈貝殼狀且尖銳鋒利，它也是古代人使用的石器?，F(xiàn)代人們則利用黑曜巖制作一些裝飾品，特別漂亮的黑曜巖還可成為較貴重的寶石。

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

珍珠巖顯微圖像

 

 

 

```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

 

 

 

 

 

 

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

 

 

 

 

玄武巖

        是一種富含鐵和鎂的火山巖，它們都是由陸地火山或海底火山噴流出來(lái)面形成的。許多玄武巖都是非常細(xì)粒且致密的，這些細(xì)粒結(jié)晶物質(zhì)有橄欖石、普通輝石或長(zhǎng)石。有些玄武巖完全是玻璃質(zhì)的，叫玄武玻璃。玄武巖是地殼的主要組成物質(zhì)。在大洋底的地殼裂縫處，時(shí)時(shí)都在不斷涌出玄武巖巖漿，正是這些巖漿不斷刷新著地球的地殼。據(jù)估計(jì)，那里的玄武巖巖漿大致以每年150億噸的流量涌出。玄武巖在過(guò)去的造山運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期形成了一些巨大的高原。在月球上，也有很多玄武巖，是構(gòu)成月球的主要巖石之一。玄武巖中的晶體大小取決于巖漿冷卻的速度，冷卻緩慢時(shí)，晶體就大，反之就小甚至不能結(jié)晶。陸地上形成的玄武巖常呈現(xiàn)出繩狀、塊狀和柱狀結(jié)構(gòu)，水下形成的則為枕狀。在火山爆發(fā)時(shí)，玄武巖常常形成不同形狀的火山彈飛向四面八方。有的地方玄武巖厚達(dá)數(shù)千米，它們往往是數(shù)次或數(shù)十次噴發(fā)面形成的，時(shí)間也可能經(jīng)歷數(shù)十萬(wàn)年。

 

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

 

 

 

 

 

流紋巖

        屬于火山噴出巖，它其實(shí)就是花崗巖漿變的。在噴出后的凝固期間，因?yàn)榱鲃?dòng)而產(chǎn)生一些紋路痕跡而得名。與流紋巖相關(guān)的金屬礦產(chǎn)有鉛、鋅、銀、金和鈾等，非金屬礦常見(jiàn)的有沸石、蒙脫石、高嶺石、葉蠟石、明礬石和螢石等。

 

````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

 

        火成巖巖體的形態(tài)、大小與圍巖（火成巖周圍包裹著的其他巖石）的關(guān)系以及形成時(shí)所處的深度和構(gòu)造環(huán)境等叫火成巖的產(chǎn)狀。認(rèn)識(shí)產(chǎn)狀可以了解火成巖巖體形成的地質(zhì)條件，幫助人們判斷火成巖的成因，還可以了解火成巖的成礦條件和成礦關(guān)系，指導(dǎo)找礦勘探工作?；鸪蓭r研究不能局限于一塊巖石或一個(gè)露頭，不能只注意它的礦物成分和結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造。
        火成巖的產(chǎn)狀多種多樣。產(chǎn)狀多樣性的主要原因是巖漿的化學(xué)成分和溫度、粘度等物理性質(zhì)以及巖漿凝固深度等方面的差異。此外，地殼構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)的性質(zhì)、圍巖的性質(zhì)、地應(yīng)力等對(duì)巖體的產(chǎn)狀也有一定的影響。
地幔，特別是上地幔是地殼物質(zhì)或火成巖的原始來(lái)源。在一定的溫度和壓力條件下，上地幔物質(zhì)中會(huì)分熔出一些玄武巖漿進(jìn)入地殼，而難熔的超基性巖部分留在上地幔。由于分熔的深度的不同，分熔出不同成分或種類的玄武巖，一般認(rèn)為大洋拉斑玄武巖巖漿是在小于15公里的深處從地幔分熔而成的；高鋁玄武巖巖漿是在15～35公里深度分熔而成的；堿性玄武巖巖漿是在大于35公里條件下分熔而成的。
火成巖與許多金屬及非金屬礦產(chǎn)有密切的成因聯(lián)系，很多火成巖本身就是礦，如花崗巖、斜長(zhǎng)巖、輝長(zhǎng)巖和珍珠巖等就是很好的建筑材料，玄武巖和輝綠巖是制造鑄石和巖棉的原料，純橄欖巖是制造鈣鎂磷肥原料。此外，有金伯利巖中的金剛石礦床、橄欖巖和純橄巖中的鉻鐵礦及鉑礦、蘇長(zhǎng)巖中的銅鎳硫化物礦床、輝長(zhǎng)巖和斜長(zhǎng)巖中的釩-鈦-磁鐵礦礦床以及堿性巖和碳酸巖中的輕稀土、鈮、鋯、釷等礦床；與中酸性巖有關(guān)的鐵、銅礦床，與花崗巖類有關(guān)的鎢、錫、鈹、鈮、鉭、稀土、鋰、鈾、金、鉛、鋅和鉬等礦床；與陸地火山作用有關(guān)的斑巖銅、鉬、金、錫、鎢、鋁、鋅等礦床，以及與海底火山有關(guān)的黃鐵礦型銅礦和多金屬礦床等。

 

 

金伯利巖

        是一種具有具斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)和角礫狀構(gòu)造的云母橄欖巖。1887年發(fā)現(xiàn)于南非的金伯利，所以叫了這么個(gè)名字。金伯利巖產(chǎn)出金剛石的最主要巖石之一。除了金剛石以外，金伯利巖中還含有鎂鋁榴石、大顆粒形的橄欖石、斜方輝石、金云母大晶體等。金伯利巖的形成與巖漿爆發(fā)有關(guān)，因此巖體中既有深層的物質(zhì)碎塊，也有淺層的物質(zhì)碎塊，從而具有復(fù)雜的斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)粒結(jié)構(gòu)和火山碎屑結(jié)構(gòu)等等，這些碎屑是金伯利巖漿上升過(guò)程中夾帶上的物質(zhì)。金伯利巖巖漿是在地260公里深處，那里的壓力達(dá)四五個(gè)大氣壓，溫度約1300攝氏度。在這樣的條件下有可能形成金剛石。當(dāng)金伯利巖漿受到某種力量而向上快速上升時(shí)，就會(huì)形成一個(gè)筒狀的巖漿柱，稱為金伯利巖筒。在金伯利巖筒中會(huì)有一些大大小小的巖球，人們稱之為“鳳凰蛋”，這是找到金剛石礦的標(biāo)志之一。巖筒一般不會(huì)很大，通常面積不會(huì)超過(guò)2平方公里，但常常成群出現(xiàn)。著名的南非金伯利巖就是由十多個(gè)著名的巖筒組成的巖筒群。并不是所有的金伯利巖中都會(huì)有金剛石產(chǎn)出，金剛石究竟是從金伯利巖漿結(jié)晶出來(lái)的，還是巖漿從地下別的什么物質(zhì)中捕獲來(lái)的，還是兩種可能都有，目前人們還沒(méi)有定論。

 

``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

 

 

 

 

 

金剛石晶體在巖石上

 

 

開(kāi)采完的空巖筒

 

巖筒示意圖