一、動詞不定式
1. 請仔細研究下列的句子，分析句中不定式的形式有何變化
1) They invited us to go there this summer.
2) She seemed to have heard about this matter.
3) It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.
4) He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.
5) They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.
6) It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
7) He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
8) She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
我們來自己歸納一下上面句子中不定式的形式（以do為例）
不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
2. 我們再來看下面一組句子，研究不定式在句子中的使用（不定式的語法功能）
1) To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
2) To master a foreign language is not an easy thing.
3) To see is to believe.
以上例句為不定式做主語。
4) His wish was to become a scientist.
5) To the doctor, the most important thing is to save people’s lives.
6) This suit doesn’t seem to fit me.
7) His idea is to finish the work in two weeks.
以上例句為不定式做表語
8) He wished to be a village school teacher.
9) She wanted to borrow my radio.
10) He offered to help us.
以上例句為不定式做賓語
I have many things to do.
11) The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
12) There is nothing to worry about.
13) Here is some paper for you to write on.
14) We found a way to solve this problem.
15) He was the best man to do the job.
以上例句為不定式做定語
16) He sat down to have a rest.
17) They went there to visit their teacher.
18) The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
19) He woke up to find everybody gone.
20) He worked hard only to fail.
以上例句為不定式做狀語。
21) He helped his mother to clean the house.
22) Luck asked him to turn down the radio.
23) I would prefer them not to play too loudly at the beginning.
24) I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon.
25) I’ll get him to try it again.
以上例句為不定式做賓語補足語。
3、不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
不定式在使用時通常有自己的邏輯主語，一般可以是句子的主語或賓語，或者由物主代詞暗示出來。如：
They plan to build a hotel.
His father sent him abroad to study literature.
I could see her eagerness to go abroad.
但有時需要明確表示出不定式的邏輯主語（即不定式動作的執(zhí)行者），此時一般用for/of +名詞（代詞）短語+不定式來構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking.
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake.
4、與疑問詞連用的不定式：
1）不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動詞后面作賓語，有時也可以充當主語、表語等。如：
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
When to hold the meeting has not decided.
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.
I have no idea of how to do it.
2) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的語法作用
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語。
A.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、賓語，通常用it 作形式主語或形式賓語來代替不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
B. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語、狀語、定語。如：
That’s for you to decide.
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
I have some books for you to read.
二、動詞的ing形式
動詞的ing形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
（一）、請看下列畫橫線的詞。
China is a developing country.
The girl singing for us is ten years old.
The main road being built will be completed next year.
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.
Having been introduced to each other, we began to work.
從以上例句可以看出: 動詞的ing形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)為
（二）、我們再來看下面一組句子，看看現(xiàn)在分詞在句子的使用：
The story is interesting. The match is exciting.
The news is surprising. The film is moving.
The speech is inspiring.
從以上句子可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞可以在句子中作表語
a running boy the girl standing there
the exciting news a boring speech
He rushed into the burning house．
The child standing over there is my brother．
從以上句子可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞可以在句子中作定語
Walking in the street, I saw him.
Working hard, you will succeed.
Being ill, she stayed at home.
His friend died, leaving him a lot of money
He is standing there, singing.
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
Seeing the teacher is coming, t he students stopped playing.
從以上句子可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞可以在句子中作狀語
I saw him walking in the street.
I heard them singing in the classroom.
We found the boy sleeping.
Don't have the students studying all day.
從以上句子可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞可以在句子中作賓語補足語
三、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式。not + 分詞
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
四、作獨立成分
generally /frankly/honestly speaking，……
Judging from/by ，……
五、現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
又叫獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。是一個獨立于句子成分之外的獨特結(jié)構(gòu)形式。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分，一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語的作用；另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動作, 在句中作狀語。
eg. Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．
The boy lay on the ground，his eyes closed and his hands trembling．
動詞的ing形式還可以是動名詞，和現(xiàn)在分詞的形式一樣，但語法功能不一樣。那么動名詞在句中做什么成分呢？ 觀察思考：
Listening to music gives me pleasure.
Running is good exercise.
Walking to school is a good idea.
Speaking English is fun.
Learning new words is very useful to me.
從以上句子可以看出動名詞可以在句子中作主語
觀察思考：
Seeing is believing.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
Reading is learning, but speaking the language is also a kind of learning.
從以上句子可以看出動名詞可以在句子中作表語
觀察思考：
You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.
He admitted having stolen the car.
The doctor advised eating less and taking more exercise.
We don’t allow smoking in the meeting room.
從以上句子可以看出動名詞可以在句子中作賓語
1）作動詞/動詞短語的賓語
這類動詞還有：
dislike 厭惡 admit 接受 repent 后悔 acknowledge 承認
enjoy 享受 escape避免 deny 否認 postpone 延遲
resent 怨恨 mind 介意 miss 錯過 risk 冒風險
finish 完成 avoid 避免 delay 耽誤 consider 認為
fancy 想象 excuse 原諒 include 包括 imagine 想象
resist 抵制 suggest 建議 ……
還有短語類：
keep (on)繼續(xù) don't mind 不介意 cannot help 不禁 give up 放棄
put off 延遲 leave off 停止 burst out 闖出 ……
2）作介詞的賓語
1. I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble.
2. The book is worth reading.
3. I reached him by calling his office.
4. The police arrested(逮捕）him for speeding.
5. She is busy (in) correcting her exercises.
觀察思考：
1. sleeping car 臥車 2. walking stick 手杖
3. printing shop 印務(wù)館 4. reading room 閱讀室
5. swimming pool 泳池 6. washing machine 洗衣機
7. dining room 飯廳
可以看出動名詞放在所修飾的名詞前面作為定語，表示該名詞的用途。
從以上可以看出動名詞可以在句子中作定語
四、動名詞的邏輯主語
1. His coming here helped us a lot.
2. Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer.
3. Do you mind my smoking in the room?
4. He insisted on Mary's staying there.
6. I miss you bringing me cups of tea in the morning.
可以看出動名詞的邏輯主語是在動名詞前加'物主代詞（如：my, his...)'或'名詞所有格(如：Mary's, Dog's...)'。作為邏輯主語的名詞/代詞為無生命時，則用普通格:
在下列情況中，不能使用所有格：
1. 代詞為 all, both, each, few, several, some, this 等作為邏輯主語時: 1. I remember all of them saying it。
2. 數(shù)詞、名詞化形容詞（如 the three, the old...)作邏輯主語時：
1. In spite of the three telling the same story, I could not believe it.
3. 結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語是名子或短語，或受從句或短語修飾時：
1. Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder?
五、 在動詞 need, want, require, deserve 之后的動名詞（作為賓語），要用主動 語態(tài)來表示被動的意思。
1. The flowers in the garden want watering
2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering。
另外：有一些動詞除了可接動名詞外，也可接不定詞(infinitive)。例子如下：
1. I prefer living in an apartment. (動詞prefer接動名詞 living)
2. I prefer to live in an apartment. (動詞prefer接不定詞 to live) 像上面兩個句子的意思沒什么不同。如 prefer 這一類的動詞還有：
allow deserve neglect attempt fear omit begin hate permit bother intend cease like recommend continue love start stop forget regret propose try continue remember need ……
動詞的ed形式/過去分詞（the Past Participle）
二、 過去分詞在句子的使用（過去分詞的語法功能）：
1） 1、We were sobored that we couldn’t help yawning.
2、She felt confused, and even frightened.
3、They were very pleased with the girl.
4、I’m satisfied with your answer.
5、He is not interested in research.
從以上句子可以看出過去分詞可以在句子中作表語 ,表示主語的狀態(tài)或感受。
2) 1、She has a pleased look on her face.
2、The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
3、cooked food 4、a written report
5、fried eggs 6、boiled water
7、frozen food 8、armed forces
9、required courses 10、finished products
11、What’s the language spoken in that country?
12、They’re problem left over by history.
13、The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
14、Is there anybody injured?
15、Do you know the number of books ordered?
從以上句子可以看出過去分詞可以再句子中作定語，與所修飾的詞之間是被動關(guān)系。另外，一些不及物動詞的過去分詞表示所修飾的詞的狀態(tài)。
the risen sun new arrived visitors fallen leaves
3) 1、Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
=If the city is seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
2、Given more time, I would finish the work better.
=If I was given more time, I would finish the work better.
3、They came in, followed by some children.
=They came in, while they are followed by some children.
4、Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
=Because he felt depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
5、When treated with kindness, he was very friendly.
=When he was treated with kindness, he was very friendly
從以上句子可以看出過去分詞可以在句子中作狀語，相當于狀語從句的省略。
4)
1、I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
2、When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
3、The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.
4、Many towns and villages had their water supply cut off because there were no electricity.
5、We are going to have/get the tables painted different colours.
6、I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall.
從以上句子可以看出過去分詞可以在句子中作賓補，與賓語之間有被動關(guān)系。
過去分詞作賓語的補語， 常接在某些動詞后面：
１）感官動詞：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at
２）使役動詞：have get catch leave set
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
當這類句子變成被動語態(tài)時，過去分詞用作主語補語。
One of the glasses was found broken.
They should be kept informed of the situation there.
三、 動詞have后所接的三種賓語補語：
1） have somebody/something do something
I had the workers do the job for me.
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
2）have somebody /something doing something
They had the tractor working all the time.
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.
3） have somebody/something done
①主語讓別人做某事，強調(diào)主語的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday.
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.
He had one eye lost in the war.
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